tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-90803704633199719482024-02-20T18:51:29.931+02:00International Civil Litigation in GreeceA survey of Greek case law Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.comBlogger63125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-76520186379652438512019-06-29T19:15:00.002+03:002019-10-10T19:52:04.234+03:00The Odyssey of a legal guardian<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">An
ordinary case for the recognition of a German order appointing a legal guardian
became a sheer nightmare for the applicant. It took her twelve years in total, three
decisions in Germany and another six in Greece, for finally being recognized as
an appointed legal guardian of her husband…</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">THE FACTS</span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: ES;">The applicant is the wife of a
Greek national living in Germany, who is in coma since July 2006. By virtue of
an application before the Cologne Justice of the Peace, she was appointed as
his legal guardian [the 2006 order]. She then filed an application for the
recognition of the German order (Beschluss) before the Thesprotia Court of
first Instance (hereafter: CFI). The application was dismissed, because the
German court applied German law for the appointment of the legal guardian, and
because no appointment of the family council (as provided by Greek law, which
should have been applied according to Article 8 Greek Civil Code) had taken
place [Thesprotia CFI 297/2010, unreported].</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: ES;">The applicant filed then an
application before the same court, this time requesting her appointment as a legal
guardian of her husband directly in Greece. The court dismissed again the
application for two reasons: First, because the application was not served to
her husband timely; secondly, because the application had to be filed before
the Athens court, which is the proper forum for Greeks living abroad [Thesprotia
CFI 119/2011, unreported].</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: ES;">The applicant filed a third application
before the same court, this time requesting the recognition of a second German
order issued again by the Cologne Justice of the Peace [the 2011 order]. Again,
the application was dismissed: Although this time the German court applied
Greek law for the appointment of the family council, her appointment was again
founded under German law [Thesprotia CFI 66/2013, unreported].</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: ES;">A fourth attempt came two years
later on the grounds of a new order of the Cologne court [the 2013 order]: This
time the application was dismissed due to res iudicata emanating from the 2006
& 2011 orders [Thesprotia CFI 26/2015, unreported]. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: ES;">An appeal was lodged against
the latter decision. The Corfu Court of Appeal quashed partially the first
instance judgment, stating that no res iudicata may be invoked against the 2013
German order, given that the latter refers to a period of time not covered by
the previous orders [Corfu CoA 42/2016, unreported]. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">THE RULING</span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: ES;">The family of the person under
guardianship (father/mother/sister) filed an appeal on points of law before the
Supreme Court. Out of three grounds for appeal, two are worthy to mention:
First, they insisted on the interdependence of the three German orders, which should
have led the Corfu CoA to accept the res iudicata defence; second, they vaguely
invoked the violation of Article 4 of the 1961 Greek-German bilateral treaty on
the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, which
provides for a ground for refusal if the foreign court applied national law
which was not applicable according to Greek rules on the conflict of laws.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: ES;">The Supreme Court dismissed
both grounds: It first repeated the reasoning of the Corfu CoA, in order to
reject the ostensible interdependence of the German orders, which would
presumably lead to the acceptance of res iudicata; it then easily discarded the
argument of a violation concerning Article 4 of the Greek-German treaty,
because it was proven that the German court had in fact applied Greek law for
the appointment both of the legal guardian and the family council [the German
order is reproduced almost to its entirety in Greek translation in the Supreme
Court’s judgment]. </span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: ES;">For the reasons above, the
appeal on points of law was dismissed [SC 1395/2018, unreported].</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">COMMENTS</span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: ES;">The case is a demonstrative
example of the pitfalls surrounding cross-border litigation not covered by EU
legislation. Both German and Greek counsellors & courts committed mistakes:
In the 2006 & 2011 orders the Cologne court did not take into account the
nationality of the applicant’s husband, presumably because it was not
underlined by her lawyer. The judgment rendered by the Thesprotia CFI in 2015
was indeed wrong. A reason for this result might have been connected with the
fact that the applicant requested the recognition of all three German orders, thus
allowing the court to conclude that there was a certain connection between
them. Fortunately, both the Corfu CoA and the Supreme Court put things back in
their proper place. </span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
</div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-88149044239641837162019-02-25T15:28:00.001+02:002019-02-25T15:30:01.979+02:00Right state, but wrong place: Exorbitant rules knocking at the backdoor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">For several years now, exorbitant rules on
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129/2018, published in: </span>Επιθεώρηση</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span>Πολιτικής</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span>Δικονομίας</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> [Civil Procedure Law Review] 2018, pp. 156 et seq.</span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">THE FACTS</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The parties are relatives: the claimant [C] is
the brother of the first respondent [R1]; the second respondent [R2] is the
husband of the first one. The plaintiff is a resident of Thessaloniki, whereas
the defendants are living in the UK. Tension was prevailing in their relation
for years. In 2006 they met in a village of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fthiótida</i>,
an administrative unit of the Hellenic Republic, on the occasion of the burial
of C & R1’s father. Following the funeral, R1 & R2 attacked C, causing him
serious injuries; at the same time they were using vulgar language against him.
C filed an action for damages on the grounds of pain and suffering. The action
was filed before the Thessaloniki 1<sup>st</sup> Instance court. The latter acknowledged
its territorial competence, omitting any reference to international
jurisdiction issues. The court invoked Article 40 Para 1 Greek Code of Civil Procedure,
which reads as follows: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">If the subject
matter of the claim concerns property matters, litigation against persons not
residing in Greece may be entertained before the court where the respondent has
assets</i>. It was brought to the court’s attention that R1 owns property in
Thessaloniki, a fact not disputed by R1. The court ordered the defendant to pay
damages [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thessaloniki 1<sup>st</sup>
Instance court Nr. 7484/2014, published in: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Armenopoulos</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">2015, pp. 276 et seq.</i>]. The latter lodged an appeal. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">THE RULING</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The main ground of appeal concerned the lack of
the court’s venue: There was no doubt that Greek courts had international
jurisdiction to try the case; the incident occurred however in a different
place than Thessaloniki. Hence, the court should not have accepted its territorial
competence; instead, it ought to refer the matter to the proper court, i.e. the
Lamia 1<sup>st</sup> Instance court. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Initially, the appellate court entered into a
detailed analysis of the relation between domestic law and Brussels I rules on
jurisdiction. It then made reference to Article 40 Greek Code of Civil Procedure,
stating that its application is examined in accordance with domestic rules of
Civil Procedure. Further on, the court indicated that the exclusion of Article
40 Greek Code of Civil Procedure from the ambit of the Brussels regime [Art. 3 Brussels
I Regulation in conjunction with Annex I] affects solely the international
jurisdiction aspect; once the latter is given, domestic rules on establishing
venue are to be applied. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In this fashion, the claimant has the right to
opt among the domestic rules available for filing his action. This could be
either the place where the harmful event occurred [Art. 35 Greek Code of Civil Procedure]
or even the place where the defendant has assets [Art. 40 Greek Code of Civil Procedure].</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For the reasons mentioned above, the appeal was
dismissed, and the venue of the Thessaloniki courts confirmed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">COMMENTS</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Instead of proceeding to personal remarks, I prefer
to refer to some solid statements made by the forefathers of the Regulation and
contemporary commentators. First, it was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jenard</i>
who underlined in his Report the following: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Adoption
of the 'special' rules of jurisdiction is also justified by the fact that there
must be a close connecting factor between the dispute and the court with
jurisdiction to resolve it. Thus, to take the example of the forum delicti
commissi, a person domiciled in a Contracting State other than the Netherlands
who has caused an accident in The Hague may, under the Convention, be sued in a
court in The Hague. <u>This accident cannot give other Netherlands courts jurisdiction
over the defendant</u>. On this point there is thus a distinct difference
between Article 2 and Articles 5 and 6, due to the fact that in Article 2
domicile is the connecting factor</i> [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jenard
</i>Report, OJ 5.3.1979, C 59/22]. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Reinhold Geimer & Rolf Schütze </span></i><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">confirm the above in their seminal work <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Europäisches Zivilverfahrensrecht (3<sup>rd</sup>
edition, 2010)</i>, Art. 5 Rn. 268. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peter Mankowski </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">clarifies unambiguously the question
in the same fashion: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">… all heads of
special jurisdiction contained in Art. 5 vest jurisdiction <u>in a certain
court</u>, not the courts of a state. Hence, Art. 5 … does not only regulate
international jurisdiction, but also local jurisdiction or venue, excluding the
rules of the national law of the forum on local jurisdiction from application.
These rules are rendered inoperative.</i>[<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Magnus/Mankowski<u>,
Brussels I Regulation</u></i><u>, 2<sup>nd</sup> revised edition, art. 5 note 3</u>].
Last but for sure not least, this position is repeated in the recent Greek
Commentary on the Brussels I bis Regulation [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nikas/Sachpekidou</i>, European Civil Procedure (2016), Art. 7 nrs.
100-101]. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I would like to believe that this ruling is the
exception to the rule. Indeed, Greek courts, especially the appellate ones, are
demonstrating profound knowledge of Brussels I Regulation matters. I decided to
present this case as an example to be avoided in the future.</span></div>
<br />
<br /></div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-15664977672152495582018-10-07T21:06:00.001+03:002018-10-07T21:06:06.014+03:00Non-recognition of a foreign State as a ground for opposition against a payment order<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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non-recognition of Kosovo by the Hellenic Republic may be considered as a valid
ground for opposition against a payment order issued by a Greek court. The Supreme
Court dismissed the final appeal, confirming the rulings issued by the instance
courts [</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">SUPREME COURT Nr. 1938/2017]</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></span></div>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><u><span lang="DE" style="line-height: 115%;">THE FACTS</span></u></span></span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">A limited liability company with its seat in
Ferizaj, Kosovo, filed an application for a payment order before the
Thessaloniki CFI [Thessaloniki CFI 20115</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">/2012, Armenopoulos 2</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">014, pp. 2019 et seq.</span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">]. Following service of the order, the
defendant filed an opposition, requesting that the order be declared null
and void, because the application has been filed by a legal entity founded
pursuant to the law of Kosovo, a region earlier belonging to the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, which has not been recognized by the Hellenic
Republic. As a consequence, this company has neither the capacity to be a
party in proceedings before Greek courts, nor a standing to sue, and in the
case at hand, no right to file an application for an order of payment.</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The Thessaloniki CFI dismissed the opposition
with the following reasoning: It is an erroneous assumption that the
capacity of an entity (lawfully established according to the rules and
regulations of the state of its seat) to be a party and to seek protection
before Greek courts, should have been conditioned by the previous state
recognition by the Hellenic Republic. The efforts of the opponents to link
the above facts are running contrary to the prevalent view in the Greek and
international doctrine of Private International Law: The notion of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">state </i>as a connecting factor of a
conflict of law norm, or the aplicable law of a state, to which the
confilct rule refers, are totally disconnected with the recognition of the respective
state entity from a public international law point of view. A non-recognized
state is not equivalent to a non-existing state; it exists as a body of
human beings living in a specific region, which has developed its own
administrative structure, imposed to its subjects.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">In addition, the court continues, there is
evidence that the applicant has been lawfully established in its country of
origin, as evidenced by a document issued by the UNMIK, which was additionally
certified by the Liaison Office of the Hellenic Republic in Pristina,
Kosovo’s capital. In particular, it is stated that the applicant has been
founded as a limited company, registered in the Kosovo companies registry
in 2003, pursuant to the rules of the administrative decree Nr. 2002/22, on
the establishment of companies in Kosovo, issued on the grounds of UNMIK Regulation
2001/6, on business oprganizations. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">For the reasons above, the CFI dismissed the
opposition. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The appeal lodged by the Greek company was dismissed
on the same grounds [Thessaloniki CoA Nr. 1883/2015, unreported]</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">
</span><h2 class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><u><span lang="DE" style="line-height: 115%;">THE RULING</span></u></span></span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The case was then brought to
the Supreme Court. The appellant invoked that the instance rulings had
interpreted the pertinent provisions of the Greek Code of Civil Procedure <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Art. 62 & 64) erroneously. In a rather
laconic passage, and without entering into the merits of the opposition ground,
the Supreme Court dismissed the ground of appeal, since it found no violation
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</span><h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">This has been a rather peculiar case, the
first ever tackling with the matter in Greece. Notwithstanding the poor
analysis of the matter, the result is welcome. For the Spanish speakers among
you, the issue has been examined lately by Prof. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Javier Carrascosa </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">González</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">, Murcia University</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">, see: Estados no reconocidos y norma de conflicto,
<a href="https://www.academia.edu/37459820/Estados_no_reconocidos_y_norma_de_conflicto">https://www.academia.edu/37459820/Estados_no_reconocidos_y_norma_de_conflicto</a>
= <a href="http://accursio.com/blog/?p=812">http://accursio.com/blog/?p=812</a>.
</span></span></h1>
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Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-29956518613771490192018-08-03T01:12:00.000+03:002018-08-03T01:13:41.936+03:00No recognition of an Egyptian talaq on public policy grounds<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A talaq divorce is rarely knocking at
the door of Greek courts. A court in Thessaloniki dismissed the application for
the recognition of an Egyptian talaq, invoking the public policy clause,
despite </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">the fact
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">----------------------------------------------</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">THE FACTS</span></b></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E, an
Egyptian man, and G, a Greek woman, concluded a civil wedding in Cairo end
December 2015, in accordance with domestic law. The spouses were residents of
Cairo. On June 1, 2016, E divorced his wife before a notary public in Cairo. November
2016 G filed an application for the recognition of the talaq before the
Thessaloniki Court of first Instance. In her application she stated being a
resident of Thessaloniki. In the first hearing, the court ordered stay of
proceedings, in order for G to produce evidence that the 3-month <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">idda </i>period has lapsed, and no revocation
of the husband’s intention to divorce occurred [Thessaloniki CFI, judgment 5.5.2017,
unreported]. In the second hearing, the court dismissed the application [Thessaloniki
CFI, judgment 19.12.2017, unreported].</span></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">THE JUDGMENT</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
</b><br />
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<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">The reasoning of the judgment was
the following: A divorce by repudiation is totally alien to the Greek legal
order. It is contrary to Art. 8 & 14 ECHR, and Art. 5 of the 7th Additional
Protocol to the ECHR. It then referred to two decisions of the European Court
of Human Rights (case <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Markin v Russia</i>,
22.03.2012 & <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">S.A.S. v France</i>,
01.07.2014). The court mentioned also </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Resolution nr. 1743 (2010) <span class="provisionalversion">of the
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">on </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Islam, Islamism and
Islamophobia in Europe</i>. It invoked Art. 20.1 of the Greek Constitution (right
to audience) in conjunction with Art. 6.1 ECHR. Finally, it supported its ruling
on Art. 2.1 of the Greek Constitution, which protects the value of human being.
The court made additional reference to the tendency of many jurisdictions to
abolish the dissolution of marriage by talaq, and stated as an example the
ruling of the Supreme Court of India, which declared talaq as unconstitutional.
The fact that the application was filed by G was no reason to decide in favour of
recognition: Solely the recognition of such an act would cause profound
disturbance to the Greek legal order, if its effects are to be extended and
applied in Greece on the basis of the Egyptian applicable rules.</span></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">COMMENTS</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
</b><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Before dealing with the outcome of the judgment, some brief
remarks should be made in regards to the first judgment: the court found no
public policy violation, given that it was G who filed an application for the
recognition of the Egyptian talaq. At the same time, the unilateral nature of
the talaq wasn’t reason enough to refuse recognition, due to Art. 323 nr. 3
Greek Code of Civil Procedure [CCP], which reads as follows: </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Subject to the provisions
of international conventions</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: ArialNarrow; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">, a judgment of a foreign civil court is given res iudicata effect
in Greece without any proceedings, if …
3) the losing party has not been
deprived of its right of defence and generally its right to participate in the
proceedings, <u>unless it has enjoyed equal opportunities to nationals of the
country, whose court rendered the judgment</u></span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: ArialNarrow; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">. In other words, there was no discrimination against G, given
that repudiation would take place in exactly the same manner with respect to an
Egyptian wife.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Coming back to the second judgment, it needs to be clarified
that the court had the powers to revoke the first decision ex officio pursuant
to Art. 309 CCP [revocation of interlocutory decisions]. Obviously the court
was not convinced with the reasoning of the first judgment, which was actually founded
on two significant references to Greek legal authority (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prof. Tsouka & Prof. Vrellis</i>). Instead, the court followed verbatim
an old ruling of the Athens Court of Appeal (nr. 10179/1995, reported in
Hellenic Justice 1997, pp. 638 et seq., non-recognition of a Sudanese talaq), especially
on the issue that I wish to highlight, i.e. the initiative of G to apply for
recognition. There are two counterarguments I would like to bring forward.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There
is strong supporting evidence emanating from various EU jurisdictions, that the
public policy clause may not be invoked if there are clear indications that the
wife consents to the divorce. Many scholars in Europe (e.g. Germany, France, Italy,
Austria, Spain, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland) consider that the application
made by the spouse is clear-cut evidence of consent. Special reference deserves
a passage from Prof. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Andrae </i>[Internationales
Familienrecht, 3<sup>rd</sup> ed. 2014, pp. 347 et seq, nr. 175], who
unambiguously separates the abstract incompatibility of foreign law with
domestic values, from the result of the recognition in the specific case. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
ruling of the court perpetuates the phenomenon of limping marriages. What’s
worse, it forces the spouse to restart litigation in the country of destination,
which is a heavy duty with plenty of costs and an insecure result. In the case
at hand, G would have to file a divorce claim, which needs to be served to E’s
address in Cairo in accordance with the 1965 Hague Convention; the claim should
be translated; G has to convince the court that it has jurisdiction to hear the
case; G has to convince the court that Art. 8 (d) Brussels III Regulation
applies; she might also have to produce evidence on the Egyptian legislation, and
demonstrate its incompatibility with domestic public order. This is because
Greek courts have the tendency to apply national conflict of laws rules (Art.
14 in conjunction with Art. 16 Greek Civil Code), and a ground similar to that
of Art. 8 (d) Brussels III Regulation is not to be found there. Finally, in the
event of a positive outcome, G shall have to serve the judgment again to Cairo
(preferably with a translation attached), because only final judgments may be
registered in the Civil Registry books.</span></div>
<br />
<br /></div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-61587415883359479912018-04-05T14:51:00.003+03:002018-04-05T14:53:37.129+03:00Greek Supreme Court Ruling on the maxim ne impediatur legatio <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EL; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Άρειος</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EL; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Πάγος</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">, i.e. the Hellenic Supreme Court, issued its first ruling on the
immunity of foreign states against execution. The judgment follows the path
introduced by the German Constitutional Court in the famous <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Phillipinische Botschaft </i>case from 1977 </span></b><br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">[SC
29.11.2017, decision nr. 1937/2017, unreported] </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">THE FACTS</span></u></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Appellant: K.P., a
lawyer and legal counsellor of the Libyan State in Greece. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The appellee: The State of Libya [SoL],
formerly the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The
dispute began with the opposition filed before the Athens First Instance Court
(FIC) on 31/8/2009 by the SoL against the attachment of its bank account in the
National Bank of Greece by K.P. for the sum of 2.000.001 €. The opponent
requested the annulment of the attachment because,<span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> <span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">a. it was
imposed on an asset not subject to seizure, and </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> <span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">b. it is not
in line with the leave of the Minister of Justice, granted in accordance with
Article 923 Greek Code of Civil Procedure (CCP)<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The
Athens FIC upheld the opposition and ordered the annulment of attachment<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.
The appeal of K.P. was dismissed<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Finally, K.P. filed an appeal on points of law. He invoked one of the standard
grounds for a second appeal (cassation) in Greece, i.e. the erroneous
interpretation of substantive law by the instance courts (Art. 559 point 1 CCP). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">THE RULING</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">I.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> The relevant law in question was the 1961 Vienna Convention on
Diplomatic Relations, ratified from Greece by law decree Nr. 503/1970. Article
22.3 of the Vienna Convention provides that: "The premises of the mission,
their furnishings and other property thereon and the means of transport of the
mission shall be immune from search, requisition, attachment or execution".
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">II.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> The Supreme Court interpreted the above rule as follows: The purpose of
the privileges and immunities established with the above, as well as other
provisions of this Convention, is not to benefit individuals, but to ensure the
efficient performance of the functions of diplomatic missions, in their
capacity as representatives of a foreign State, as expressly stated in the
preamble of the Convention. Those provisions, in conjunction with Articles 951<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>,
1022<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Greek CCP and 966<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Civil Code, lead to the conclusion that assets not subject to attachment are also
the ones located in Greece, and belonging to a foreign government, even if they
do not form part of the diplomatic mission’s equipment, as long as they have
been intended to serve other <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">public</i>
purposes. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Further
on, pursuant to the resolution adopted by the Institute of International Law in
1954, which is prevailing international practice since then, it is exceptionally
admissible to grant injunctions and impose enforcement measures only to those assets
related to trade and economic activities of a foreign State. The same path is
followed by the 2004 </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">United Nations Convention on
Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">, based on the International Law Commission's 1991 draft, adopted by the
UN General Assembly, which however has not yet entered into force; still, it is
considered that it already codifies pre-existing customary law, establishing the
rule of limited enforcement immunity as a rule of customary international law. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Thus, it
is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>inter alia examined ad hoc and in
concreto, whether state banks, or bank accounts in banks of the forum state, constituting
ownership of a foreign State, do serve sovereign purposes (operational needs of
a diplomatic mission), so as to enjoy immunity from execution, or trading
purposes, which would lead to the opposite inference. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">III.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> The SC referred subsequently to the judgment of the Athens CoA, which
ruled as follows: "On 10/07/2009, K.P. seized in the hands of the National
Bank of Greece the amount of 2.000.001 € from an account number belonging to
the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya [Libyan government]. The bailiff’s
attachment report was served duly on the defendant under Article 134 CCP<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>,
as evidenced by the pertinent service certificate. The attachment was founded on
an enforceable title issued by the Athens FIC<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>,
ordering the defendant to pay the amount of 2 million € as lawyer’s fees. A writ
of execution was served to the defendant again according to Article 134 CCP.
K.P. requested and received the necessary leave by the MoJ (pursuant to Art.
923 CCP)<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>,
on condition that execution will not be carried out on things [immovable or movable]
serving the exercise of sovereign power [imperium], or those serving other,
i.e. cultural and / or educational purposes. On 20.07.2009, the National Bank proceeded
to the declaration stipulated under Article 985 CCP<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>,
by virtue of which it certified the existence of the requested amount in the
respective bank account of the defendant. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The
Athens CoA referred then to the evidence produced by the State of Libya in the first
instance, i.e. a certificate of the accredited Ambassador of the Great
Socialist People's Arab Jamahiriya in Greece, and the testimony of the witness,
who was the superior Libyan diplomatic agent in the country: both certified
that the seized account serves the operating expenses of the diplomatic mission
/ Embassy of Libya in Greece [payroll, rent, utility costs, etc]. In addition,
it was evidenced that part of this sum is intended to be invested in the
construction of a privately owned building for the Libyan embassy in Greece.
Consequently, the enforcement was invalid, because the seized bank account was intended
to finance the diplomatic mission, hence it serves sovereign duties of the
Libyan government and enjoys immunity from enforcement under Article 22 of the
Vienna Convention, which has been ratified both by the Hellenic Republic [1970]
and the State of Libya [1977]. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">IV.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> Considering all the above, the Supreme Court held that the instant
rulings did not err in the application and interpretation of the law [Articles
22.3 Legislative Decree 503/1970, in conjunction with Articles 951, 1022<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CCP and 966 CC], and in the evaluation of
existing evidence. In particular, and contrary to the assertions of K.P., the
disputed seized bank account was intended to serve as a means of financing the
diplomatic mission of the Libyan State; thus, it served the exercise of sovereign
powers of the Libyan government. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">COMMENTS</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">This is
the first ruling of the Supreme Court dealing with the maxim <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ne impediatur legatio</i>. Usually the
efforts of judgment creditors against foreign states were hindered by the strict
refusal of the MoJ to grant a leave for execution. Article 923 CCP has been considered
as compatible both with the Greek Constitution and the European Convention of Human
Rights. The ECHR issued two judgments in this respect: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">KALOGEROPOULOU and OTHERS v. GREECE and GERMANY</i> [Case Nr. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">59021/00, issued on 12/12/2002</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">], and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">VLASTOS
v. GREECE</i> [Case Nr.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">28803/07, issued on 16/04/2009].
The former forms part of the war reparations legal saga between relatives of Nazi
atrocities victims in Greece and the Federal Republic of Germany; the latter is
in much closer proximity with the Supreme Court ruling, since it is based upon similar
facts, i.e. litigation of a Greek attorney at law against a foreign state for lawyer’s
fees. The ECHR made no distinction between the two cases. In particular, in the
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vlastos ruling, </i>it simply made
reference to its findings in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kalogeropoulou
</i>case [see recitals 34-37 in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vlastos</i>
judgment]. I expressed my hesitation to accept a verbatim interpretation in
both cases, since I cannot understand how a solicitor’s fees case might
destabilize the diplomatic relations of two countries, or at least as much as <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the war reparations case, with its potential
spill over effect [see note on the case <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">VLASTOS
v. GREECE</i>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Armenopoulos 2010, p. 282
et seq.]. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">However, as
already noted, a leave was partially granted by the MoJ in the case at hand. Hence,
the Supreme Court was confronted with a different set of issues. Admittedly,
the ruling is devoid of a profound analysis in the subject matter. We found
however a more in-depth elaboration in the CoA judgment: There, the court
referred to a number of rulings issued in various jurisdictions [Germany,
Austria, the Netherlands, USA, Italy, and Switzerland], in order to support its
decision on a solid fundament. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The
result is proving the major difficulties of judgment creditors against foreign states.
The issue is of course not free from doubt, and a very good and up-to-date
reading would be the thesis of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anja
Höfelmeier</i>, Die Vollstreckungsimmunität der Staaten im Wandel des Völkerrechts, Beiträge zum ausländischen
öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht, Bd. 271, Berlin : Springer, [2018],
especiall</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">y pp. 185 et seq.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">‘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Execution against foreign states may not take place without prior leave
of the Minister of Justice’.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Athens FIC 2386/2011,
unreported.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Athens CoA </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">1536/2013, Theory &
Practice of Civil & Civil Procedure Law 2013, pp. 909 et seq., with note by
MichaiIdis.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On the enforcement of money claims.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On the attachment of special assets.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On non-fungible property.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">On the service of process abroad. Libya has not
ratified the 1965 Hague Service Convention; there’s no bilateral convention in
matters of judicial assistance between the two states.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Decision 122/2008,
unreported.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Ministerial Decision Nr. 84485</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">/
25-6-2009, unreported.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On the third-party declaration in garnishment proceedings.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
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Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-50877606956669880012018-02-12T19:18:00.001+02:002018-02-12T19:29:08.660+02:00Showdown for same-sex marriages in Greece<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In a more or less anticipated outcome, the Supreme Court of Greece denied
a certiorari sought by two Greek men, who concluded a civil wedding on the island
of Tilos nearly 10 years ago. The court made a clear distinction between
registered partnerships and marriage: Whereas the former is now open both to
hetero- and homosexuals, the latter – so the Supreme Court – is not covered by
Greek legislation. The final act is expected to take place before the ECHR. </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">THE FACTS</span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On June 3, 2008, the mayor of the island of Tilos
allowed the celebration of wedding of the appellants, two Greek men, in spite
of intensive reaction coming both from the representatives of the Greek
Orthodox Church and the Prosecution office. More info <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/04/world/europe/04greece.html" target="_blank"><u>here</u></a> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Following an action of the Prosecutor, the
wedding was declared as non-existing by the Rhodes 1<sup>st</sup> Instance
Court. An appeal of the couple before the Dodecanese Appeal Court remained
fruitless. More info <a href="http://greece.greekreporter.com/2012/04/25/greek-gay-couple-married-in-tilos-continue-legal-fight/" target="_blank"><u>here</u></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Litigation continued, reaching the Supreme
Court. The hearing took place mid December 2016; the ruling was published late
August 2017, putting an end to the gay wedding saga in Greece, at least for the
time-being.More info <a href="http://www.ekathimerini.com/223767/article/ekathimerini/news/court-annuls-same-sex-marriage" target="_blank"><u>here</u></a></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">THE RULING</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Initially, the SC made reference to Articles 12
ECHR, 23 of the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
concluding that the above instruments do not give any guidance in regards to
the question. It then passed to the famous definition given by Modestinus [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Marriage is the union of male and female and
the sharing of life together, involving both divine and human law</i>]. The SC
focused then on the Greek Constitution, referring to three provisions: Article
4.1 on equal rights; Article 5.1 on the right to develop freely one’s personality;
and Article 21.1 on the protection of marriage by the state. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The SC concluded that none of the above
provisions are infringed by the prohibition of same-sex marriage in Greece. In
particular, the SC stated that sexual freedom, as part of the right protected
under Article 5.1, is by no means violated; this becomes evident by the recent reforms
on the issue of registered partnership, which is allowed for same-sex couples
since 2015. This step however does not mean that same-sex couples are allowed
to formalize their relationship by entering into a marriage. If the legislator
wished to do so, he would have taken the necessary steps, by amending the pertinent
provisions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In addition, the wording under Article 1367
Greek Civil Code [the intending spouses] should not be construed as covering
both heterosexual and same-sex couples. It is a construct which dates back to
1940, and it is self-evident that it refers solely to spouses of a different
sex. Beyond that, it has been chosen for purely drafting purposes. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The SC is also aware of the recent case law of
the ECHR with respect to the notion of family, which includes same-sex couples;
still, the Court continues, the ECHR has not decided on the form which enables
same-sex couples to be considered as a family, i.e. by registered partnership
or any other fashion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Finally, the SC acknowledges that many European
countries have recognized same-sex marriages. However this could not be a
reason for the court to grant the certiorari; this is rather an issue for the
Greek legislator, who will weigh whether reforms should take place at a time he
sees fit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">COMMENT</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It wouldn’t be an exaggeration to say that
nobody is taken by surprise with respect to the SC’s ruling. Given the
socio-political landscape of the country, the prevailing role of the Greek
Orthodox Church and the ambiguities in the law, it was a rather expectable
outcome. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In light of this judgment, it is beyond any
doubt that same-sex marriages stand no chance of being recognized in Greece;
hence, they are excluded from the ambit of the Brussels II bis Regulation.
Similarly, Greek courts are not expected to apply foreign law which refers to same-sex
married couples (see in this respect Article 13 Rome III Regulation). Same-sex
marriages are considered non-existing ipso facto, i.e. no court ruling is
needed for declaring the marriage as null and void. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It seems though that the ball will go to the
court of the ECHR; this is at least what the appellants announced. The Hellenic
Republic has proven its respect to the rulings of the European Court, most
notably in regards to the case of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vallianatos
and others v. Greece</i>: Following the ruling of the court, which found a
violation of Article 14 in conjunction with Article 8 ECHR, Greece amended its
legislation on registered partnerships, by including same-sex couples in its
field of application. Some might consider the latter being the final frontier
for the country and the Greek society at large. Others might be more
optimistic, given that many fortresses of the past have fallen within the last
couple of years: Greece passed recently legislation on gender reassignment. In
addition, the SC departed from previous rulings which found a public policy
violation in the adoption of an adult [see <a href="http://icl-in-greece.blogspot.gr/2016/11/winds-of-change-in-recognition-of.html" target="_blank"><u>here</u></a>]. It remains to be seen
for how long the ruling of the SC will stand the test of time.</span></div>
<br /></div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-88099699143213559522018-01-26T17:15:00.000+02:002018-01-26T17:15:06.575+02:00New law on mediation in civil and commercial maters - Some cross border issues<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In the course of yet another effort
of the Greek Government to fulfil the promises made to its creditors, a new
‘tutti-frutti’ law has been approved by the Parliament. A wide range of open
issues has been regulated by Law 4512/2018, published on January 17, one of
which is a radical reform of the 2010 law on mediation in civil and commercial
maters. There are a number of issues which have been discussed before and after
promulgation. This short article will exclusively deal with some intriguing
cross border issues, which may arise as a result of the recent reforms</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Articles 178-206 of the law regulate the new mediation landscape. We
shall focus on Article 182, which introduces compulsory mediation for a number
of disputes. These are in a nutshell: condominium, car accident cases, fees,
some family matters, medical liability, industrial property rights (trademarks,
patents, designs), and stock exchange transactions. Failure to engage in a
mediation attempt is sanctioned with inadmissibility of the proceedings.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">First of all, it is the lawyer of the claimant who is required to inform
the party about the possibility or the obligation to resort to mediation.
Regardless of the result, a respective document signed by the party and the
lawyer must be submitted to the court, otherwise the latter will not enter into
the merits of the dispute, and order a reopening. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">With respect to the cases falling under the scope of compulsory
mediation, the claimant (or his/her lawyer) is obliged to trigger the mediation
process by selecting a person from the list of accredited mediators. Once
appointed, the mediator shall notify the other party/parties about the date and
venue of mediation. Notice may be effected by registered letter, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">electronically</i>, or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">by any other legal means</i>. The mediation session has to take place
within 15 days following notice, during which both parties shall have to be
present <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">with </i>their lawyers. Consumer
disputes and small claims are excluded from the party’s duty to attend the
session with a lawyer.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The above may work smoothly when all parties are residents of Greece.
Still, what if one or (sometimes) both parties are living abroad? </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Regarding the first point (document certifying that the lawyer informed
the client on mediation alternatives to litigation), the problem of distance is
solved by digital technology: The lawyer sends the document to the client
living abroad (fax, e-mail with a scanned copy attached), he prints, signs and
sends it back by post. Then the lawyer signs and submits the document to the court. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The second case however may cause problems. Should the party always travel
to Greece, even if there are no visible signs of a settlement? The law
stipulates two exceptions: the first one refers to parties of unknown
residence. The second allows for the use of digital tools, i.e. online
mediation, however only if presence is not possible. It is open to
interpretation when a party is actually hindered to attend the mediation
session. In addition, digital channels should secure a faultless conduct of the
mediation session. Hence, there is still a lot of work in this respect. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Finally, there is one more issue related to the forms of notification
selected by the legislator, regarding the notice of the mediation session to
the other party. Is it compatible with the Service Regulation or the 1965 Hague
Service Convention to serve documents “electronically”? And what if notice is
sent by registered letter to a party residing in a country-signatory member of
the Hague Convention, which does not accept postal service? Or should one
exclude this notice form the ambit of the above international instruments? </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">These, and many more issues, have come to the surface after the
enactment of the new mediation law. Fortunately, there is still time to improve
things, taking into account that Art. 182 will become effective nine months
after publication of the law.</span></div>
</div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-66357197592785727292017-12-28T13:51:00.000+02:002017-12-28T13:53:20.531+02:00Divorce in mutual consent before a notary public<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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reactions and counter-reactions from the federations of Greek lawyers and
notaries, the government decided to dare a groundbreaking step in the field of
divorce law. Article 22 of law 4509/2017 introduces the right of the spouses to
dissolve their marriage through a private agreement, which should be signed by their
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</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">THE NEW
LANDSCAPE</span></u></span></span></div>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Article 22 amends two provisions of the Greek
Civil Code. In particular, Article 1438 CC, which regulates how dissolution of marriage
takes place, has been enriched by a second alternative (the first one being a
final and conclusive judgment): Dissolution is possible by an agreement of the
parties, in accordance with Article 1441 CC. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Article 1441 has been completely altered. The
previous version provided for the right of divorce in mutual consent before a
court of law in voluntary proceedings. The provision has been amended in 2012,
simplifying an already simple, however time-consuming procedure. The new
wording states the following:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Para. 1: </span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The spouses may dissolve their marriage by
virtue of a written agreement. Each party is obliged to hire or be represented
by a lawyer. The agreement is signed either by the lawyers or both parties and
their lawyers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Para. 2:</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> With respect to infants, the spouses are
obliged to agree on parental responsibility, contact and maintenance rights.
The agreement shall be signed in the same fashion as regulated under Para. 1,
and is valid for at least two years.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Para. 3:</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The agreements aforementioned are to be
submitted by the spouses’ lawyers before a notary public. The lawyers must
furnish also their power of attorney. A notary’s act shall be recorded only 10
days after the agreement of the parties.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Para. 4:</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The notary drafts and issues an act,
certifying the following: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
dissolution of marriage</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
validity of the agreement(s)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
incorporation of the latter to the act.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The act is signed again in the same fashion as
stated under Para. 1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The agreement on child matters acquires the force
of an enforceable instrument, if the particulars regulated under Articles 950
& 951 Code of Civil Procedure have been embedded in the document. The
latter may be prolonged or renewed in the same fashion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Para. 5:</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The dissolution of marriage is recognized erga
omnes upon filing a copy of the act with the Registry Office, where the marriage
has been registered.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">OPEN ISSUES</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The intention of the legislator was undoubtedly
to regulate a matter which increased the backlog of Greek courts since the
entrance of the country into the spiral of the financial crisis. Professional
apprehension voiced by the lawyers has been calmed through the imposition of
legal representation to the spouses. Income loss of notaries due to a devastating
decrease in property sales contracts could be partially counterbalanced by
channeling divorces in mutual consent to their ambit. </span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">However, one issue which has not been sufficiently
elaborated, is the potential cross-border element of the matter. Prima facie, the
wording of Article 1441 CC leaves space for divorce tourism. There is neither
reference to the nationality or the domicile of the parties, nor to the seat of
the notary entrusted with the formalities. The Code of Notaries does not give
any assistance, and has not been amended for the occasion, as it has been the
case in Spain (Article 54.1 Ley del Notariado), and Romania (Article 375.1 Cod
Civil): Last residence of the parties or place where the marriage was concluded
are here the connecting factors. </span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Beyond the above, applicable law issues may
rise to the surface, which would force notaries to examine both domestic
(Articles 14 et seq. CC) and international law (Rome III Regulation, Convention
of 2 October 1973 on the Law Applicable to Maintenance Obligations, and Convention
of 19 October 1996 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement
and Co-operation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the
Protection of Children) provisions.</span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Finally, recognition and enforcement abroad might
be endangered, if Greek notaries follow the path of ‘anything goes’. </span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is still time for an impact assessment
and eventually a horizontal intervention of the legislator, in order to fill
the gaps mentioned above. The law has been published (and is in force) only a
week ago. </span></div>
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span></b></div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-90634664942299161412017-12-12T09:46:00.003+02:002017-12-12T09:48:11.216+02:00Conference: How European is European Private International Law? Berlin, 2 and 3 March 2018 (Please register at www.eu-pil.uni-jena.de)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Over the course of
the last decades the European legislature has adopted a total of 18 Regulations
in the area of private international law (including civil procedure). The
resulting substantial degree of legislative unification has been described as
the first true Europeanisation of private international law and even as a kind
of “European Choice of Law Revolution”. However, until today it is largely
unclear whether the far-reaching unification of the “law on the books” has
turned private international law into a truly European ”law in action”: To what
extent is European private international law actually based on uniform European
rules common to all Member States rather than on state treaties or instruments
of enhanced cooperation? Is the way academics and practitioners analyse and
interpret European private international law really different from previously
existing domestic approaches to private international law? Or is the actual
application and interpretation of European private international law rather
still influenced or even dominated by national legal traditions, leading to a
re-fragmentation of a supposedly uniform body of law? </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK5;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK6;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">To answer these and
related questions Prof. Dr. Jürgen Basedow, Prof. Dr. Jan von Hein, Prof. Dr.
Eva-Maria Kieninger and Prof. Dr. Giesela Rühl kindly invite you to the conference
“How European is European Private International Law?” that will take place on 2
and 3 March 2018 in Berlin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bringing together
academics and practitioners from all over Europe the conference will provide a
platform to shed light on the present lack of „Europeanness“of European private
international law and to discuss how European private internaitonal law can
become more truly European in the future.</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">More information is available on the conference website: </span><span lang="DE"><a href="http://www.eu-pil.uni-jena.de/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">www.eu-pil.uni-jena.de</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Contact: Prof. Dr. Giesela Rühl (giesela.ruehl@uni-jena.de)</span></div>
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Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-90581993500117920362017-11-01T17:35:00.002+02:002017-11-12T17:02:38.856+02:00On the application of Art. 19.2 Service Regulation in Greece<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In a recent ruling, the Supreme Court
dismissed the cassation against an appellate decision, confirming the findings
of the first instance ruling, which applied Art. 19.2 Service Regulation,
following the return of a non-service certificate by an Italian bailiff. The
interesting part of the judgment is related to the presumption of the Supreme
Court that failure of the defendant to notify his change of abode, allows a
court to continue with the proceedings, even when the change occurred before
lis pendens.</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">[Supreme Court 1130/2017, unreported]</span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">THE FACTS: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
litigants are two companies from Greece [G] and Italy [I] respectively. They
concluded a subcontract for work in June 2002. According to the agreement, the
Greek company would have to prepare a set of decorative constructions in a
store in Athens. The Italian company would then cover all expenses and fees.
Upon completion of the work, [I] was in default of payment for the sum of
80.381 Euros. [G] filed an action for the above sum before the Athens 1<sup>st</sup>
Instance court. The claim was properly transmitted from the competent Greek
authority to the Italian counterpart (Rome office of court bailiffs), which
confirmed receipt of the documents. Some weeks later, the latter sent back to
the Greek Authority a certificate of the Vicenza Prosecutor’s Office, and
another of a bailiff appointed at the Vicenza 1<sup>st</sup> Instance court,
stating that the claim could not be served, because [I] has changed its seat. Based
on the facts aforementioned, the Athens 1<sup>st</sup> Instance court continued
with the proceedings. [G] was successful in both instances [Athens First
Instance Court, default Judgment Nr. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EL;">2465/2010 &
Athens CoA, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Judgment Nr.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> 3892/2014, both
unreported</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">]. [I] appealed before the Supreme Court; one of the
grounds for cassation was improper service pursuant to the Service Regulation. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">THE RULING: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Supreme Court began its analysis by stating the
prevalence of the Service Regulation over domestic law and the 1965 Hague
Service Convention, whenever a document needs to be served within an EU Member
State. Passing through Articles 6, 7 & 10 Service Regulation, it landed on
Art. 19 Paras 1 & 2, stressing out that Greece has made a declaration,
allowing domestic judges to proceed with the hearing upon fulfilment of the
conditions set under Art. 19.2. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Departing from the factual situation described above, the Supreme Court
endorsed the reasoning of the Athens CoA: All conditions set under Art. 19.2
Service Regulation have been met, i.e. service by one of the methods provided by
the Regulation; lapse of the 6-months period; no service made, despite the
efforts of the Italian Authorities. In particular, so the Supreme Court, the
efforts remained fruitless because of [I’s] transfer of seat, and the omission
of the latter to notify its new registered office, so that the Authorities
could have served the claim there. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">For the reasons above, the Supreme Court dismissed the cassation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">COMMENTS: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Greece is one of the Member States which proceeded to
the declaration pursuant to Art. 23.1 Service Regulation. Case law and legal
authority concur that the point of departure for calculating the six month
period is that of the transmission of the document from the Greek to the
foreign Authority. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">I.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> An issue still not entirely clarified, is the first condition
of Art. 19.2 (c), i.e. that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">no
certificate of any kind has been received</i>. Courts are divided: Some
instance courts construe the provision verbatim; hence, whatever document is
sent by the Receiving Authority, i.e. either a service or a non-service certificate,
is considered sufficient for rejecting the application of Art. 19.2. On the other
side, the Supreme Court and the major part of instance courts interpret the
rule as referring solely to certificates of service. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">II.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> A second and even more intriguing issue is intertwined with the content
of a non-service certificate. Some of the variations are listed in the
standardized certificate </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">issued under Art. 10 of the Regulation. There are four
alternatives under Nr. 15 of the model certificate:</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: EUAlbertina-Regu;">15.1. Address unknown</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: EUAlbertina-Regu;">15.2. Addressee cannot be located</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: EUAlbertina-Regu;">15.3. Document could not be served before the date or time limit stated
in point 6.2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: EUAlbertina-Regu;">15.4. Others (please specify).</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: EUAlbertina-Regu;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nr. 15.1 leads undoubtedly to the non-application of Art. 19.2: If the
recipient is of unknown residence, Art. 1.2 comes to the fore, so national law
becomes again decisive. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nr. 15.3 is not relevant to the issue at stake. </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nr. 15.4 is to be
examined (and specified) only if Nr. 15.2 does not provide a convincing reason. </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nr. 15.2 refers to the situation where the addressee cannot be located. In
practice, Authorities add to this phrase some additional explanations: </span><br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Not located,
because there is no visible indication that the addressee was ever a resident
there.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Not located,
because the addressee was there, but he moved to another place inside the
country, which is known.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Not located,
because the addressee was there, but he moved to another place inside the
country, which is not known.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Not located,
because the addressee was there, but he moved to another place outside the
country, which is known.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Not located,
because the addressee was there, but he moved to another place outside the
country, which is not known.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Point i) resembles to Nr. 15.1; thus, it leads to non-applicability of
the Service Regulation (Art. 1.2). Further on, with respect to points ii) and
iv), we may argue about the existence of a potential obligation imposed on the
Receiving Authority to engage in further action, with the aim to serve the
document to the recipient’s new abode. The latter is however to be excluded for
Point v). </span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our case falls under point iii).
The Supreme Court concluded that the Italian Authority did its best, or, as the
text of the provision stipulates, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">every
reasonable effort has been made to obtain it</i>. It is of course not directly evidenced
by Art. 6-7 of the Regulation that the Receiving Authority is obliged to
proceed to further scrutiny, when the recipient is not to be found in the
address stated in the claim. Still, what we’re dealing with (in our case) is a
company, i.e. a legal entity registered in accordance with the rules and
regulations of Italy. Hence, the broader question: Is it to be expected by the
Receiving Authorities of any Member State that they proceed to further action in
cases such as the present one, or should they just return the documents back to
the country of origin?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">III.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Finally, some skepticism should be voiced in regards
to the Supreme Court’s position, which confirmed the application of Art. 19.2
on the basis of the recipient’s failure to inform the Italian authorities on
its new seat. It is widely acknowledged that the purpose of the provision is to
establish a counterbalance to the strict rules posed by Art. 19.1: The defense
rights of the addressee need to be prioritized; however, the right to judicial
relief is also worthy of protection. Nevertheless, for passing to the latter,
we need to be sure that the former has been respected, at least in essence. </span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In the case at hand, we have a plaintiff who files a claim against an
Italian company, by stating a certain address in the foreign country. Following
transmission, it becomes evident that the defendant was not a resident in the
address mentioned in the claim. It is the duty of the plaintiff to state a proper
address, where the defendant may be found. On the other side, [I] was not legally
obliged to inform [G] as to its transfer of seat prior to lis pendens. The
opposite would have been the case if it had already received notice of the
proceedings. By blaming the defendant for not having informed the Italian
Authority as to its new seat, the Supreme Court gives carte blanche to the
plaintiff to move ahead with the proceedings, although the address stated in
the claim does not coincide with the actual seat of the defendant. In this way,
the Supreme Court seems to establish an obligation to every (potential!)
litigant, to inform the Authorities (which Authorities actually?) of his new
abode, in the event that a claim would need to be served against him in the
future. It might have been more reasonable to ask the plaintiff to conduct his
own research, in order to trace the defendant’s new seat, and serve the claim
afresh. </span></div>
<br /></div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-49379580661936589652017-08-15T14:24:00.000+03:002017-08-15T14:26:54.248+03:00Supreme Court recognizes a French ordonnance de référé<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;">On the occasion of an application
for the declaration of enforceability of a decision of the Paris Commercial
Court, the Supreme Court was given the chance to rule on the compatibility of
the French </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ordonnance de référé</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;"> with the
Greek public order. In addition, the court applied diligently the case law of
the CJEU in the field of provisional measures.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;">[Supreme Court (</span></u></i><i><u><span lang="EL" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;">Άρειος</span></u></i><i><u><span lang="EL" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;"> </span></u></i><i><u><span lang="EL" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;">Πάγος</span></u></i><i><u><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;">) 93/2017,
unreported]</span></u></i></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>THE FACTS:</b> The petitioner for cassation is a Greek company (G); the appellee a French company (F). Following the publication of an ordonnance de référé by the Tribunal de commerce de Paris, ordering G to pay the amount of 90.000 € to F, the latter sought to declare the ordonnance enforceable in Greece. The Athens First Instance court granted exequatur [Judgment Nr. 3856/2012, unreported], whereas the Athens Appellate Court dismissed the appeal lodged by G [Judgment Nr. 5389/2014, unreported]. G filed a cassation, challenging the 2nd instance ruling in mainly two aspects: First, the French court had no jurisdiction to try the case; second, an ordonnance de référé violates both European and Greek public policy. In particular, European public policy was supposedly infringed, because the French decision did not guarantee repayment to the defendant of the sum awarded, if the plaintiff is unsuccessful as regards the substance of his claim; domestic public policy was violated because such a form of provisional measures is alien to the Greek legal order, which allows provisional compensation in exceptional cases stipulated by law, commercial contractual obligations excluded. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>THE RULING</b>: The Supreme Court began with an extensive analysis on the treatment of provisional measures in the Brussels I context, focusing on the findings of the CJEU in the cases C-391/95, Van Uden Maritime BV / Kommanditgesellschaft and C-99/96, Hans-Hermann Mietz / Intership Yachting Sneek BV. In order to classify the legal nature of ordonnance de référé, it referred to the decision of the CJEU in the Reichert case [261/1990, Mario Reichert / Dresdner Bank AG]. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It then examined the public policy considerations put forward by the appellant: First, the Supreme Court underlined the existence of a choice of forum agreement in the general terms of the contract signed by the parties, which tacitly extends / covers summary proceedings. Hence, the French court had jurisdiction pursuant to Art. 23 Brussels I Regulation and 48 Code de procédure civile; therefore, a repayment guarantee was not a necessary condition. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Secondly, with regard to the nature of ordonnance de référé, the Supreme Court clarified, that mere differences in the fashion proceedings are structured may not result to public policy violation as such. In particular, so the court, the fact that an institution similar to the ordonnance de référé is not included in Articles 728-729 Greek Code of Civil Procedure, i.e. the provisions regulating the issue of provisional compensation, does by no means violate fundamental legal, social or moral principles of the domestic legal order. Similarly, Article 692 Para 4, i.e. the rule forbidding full satisfaction of the applicant in summary proceedings, is not infringed. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In conclusion, all efforts of G to reverse the instance rulings were dismissed.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span> <span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>COMMENT</b>: It is common knowledge that the public policy defence serves always as the final frontier for debtors wishing to hinder the execution of a foreign judgment in the place where they own property. The Supreme Court was adamant in its ruling: The foreign judgment need not emanate from a procedure, which resembles fully to its domestic equivalent. The fact that domestic rules do not foresee provisional compensation in the course of a license agreement has been rightfully considered as a minor divergence, which stands no chance of supporting a (profound) public policy violation. As a conclusion, the ruling of the Supreme Court follows the path opened by quite a number of previous judgments, which confine the boundaries of the public policy ground for refusal in accordance with European perceptions. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span> </div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-81254185801527017562017-04-04T19:07:00.000+03:002017-04-04T19:09:40.517+03:00First Request for a Preliminary Ruling by a Greek Court on the Interpretation of Brussels II Bis Regulation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Brussels II bis Regulation is a frequent visitor in cross border
family cases before Greek courts, most notably those dealing with divorce
matters. However, no preliminary request has been sent up to date to Luxemburg,
not even from the Supreme Court. The Leros Justice of the Peace dared the above
step, submitting however a question which quite probably goes to the wrong
direction. </span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Leros Justice of the Peace Nr. 22/2016,
unreported </span></i></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">THE FACTS:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The parties are Alessandro Saponaro
and Kalliopi-Chloi Xylina, i.e. an Italian and a Greek national. They are a
married couple, living with their infant child in Rome. They filed an application
for renunciation of succession on behalf of their daughter. In particular, the
applicants asked the Leros court for the disclaimer of the grandfather’s
inheritance, who died on May 10, 2015 on the island of Leros, where he had also
his habitual residence. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">THE RULING:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The court began its analysis by
excluding the application of the Succession Regulation Nr. 650/2012: Pursuant
to Article 83, this Regulation shall apply to the succession of persons who die
on or after 17 August 2015. Surprisingly enough, the court continues by
invoking Brussels II bis Regulation, whose application has been accepted almost
axiomatically. It refers to Articles 1 Para 1 (b) & Para 2 (b), (c) and (e),
passing then to the definitions given under Article 2.7 & 2.8, and
finishing with Article 12 Para 3, after surpassing the ground rule of Article 8
Brussels II bis as follows: Given the Greek nationality of the child, the
requirements set under Art. 12 Para 3 (a) are considered as granted. The court
sees however a problem in the application of Art. 12 Para 3 (b), which
triggered the following request addressed to the CJEU: </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the event that a
petition for leave to renounce an inheritance is brought before a Greek court
by the parents of a minor child who is habitually resident in Italy, is it the
case that, if there is to be a valid prorogation of jurisdiction under Article
12(3)(b) of Regulation No 2201/2003 (1): (a) the unequivocal agreement to the
prorogation by the parents is demonstrated by merely the lodging of the application
before the Greek court, (b) the prosecutor before the first instance courts is
one of the parties who must agree to the prorogation at the time of the lodging
of the application, given that under Greek law he is legally a party to the
relevant proceedings, (c) the prorogation of jurisdiction is in the best
interests of the child, given that the child and the applicants, who are the
child’s parents, are habitually resident in Italy, while the place of residence
of the person from whom property is inherited at the time of his death was
Greece and the property inherited is in Greece.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">[Request for a preliminary ruling from the
Irinodikio Lerou (Greece) lodged on 9 Νοvember 2016 — (Case C-565/16), OJ C
22/23.01.2017, p. 13]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">COMMENT: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is no doubt that the request
raises serious questions as to its content. A sheer look at Article 1 Para 3
(f) [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">This Regulation shall not apply to: …
(f) trusts or succession</i>] would suffice for its rejection as inadmissible.
The Leros court did not mention the above provision; hence, it was not
confronted with the question whether it is possible to apply the Regulation in
succession cases, such as the renouncement of inheritance. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is however an interesting background in
the case at hand: According to Greek case law, an application such as the one
forming the subject matter of the case, is to be submitted to the court of the
child’s habitual residence. There has been some reaction against this direction,
coming however mostly by legal scholars, not by courts of law. At the same
time, given that this application is tried in the course of voluntary
proceedings, there is no space for raising the choice of forum argument, because
Article 740 Para 2 Greek Code of Civil Procedure (CCP) explicitly rules out
such possibility. </span></div>
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<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In light of the above, the Leros court would
have to dismiss the application, by virtue of Articles 797 & 740 Para 2 CCP.
Presumably this result was leaving a bitter taste to the Justice of the Peace,
especially in light of Article 13 in conjunction with Art. 4 of the Succession
Regulation Nr. 650/2012, which grants jurisdiction to the courts where the
deceased had its habitual residence even in cases related to a waiver of succession. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nevertheless, this is no more than speculation.
The conclusion, which could also serve as a sort of prediction, is that the
CJEU will most probably dismiss the request, because the subject matter of the dispute
falls out of the scope of the Brussels II bis Regulation.</span></div>
<br /></div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-66008147583407998002017-02-22T18:28:00.000+02:002017-02-22T18:28:04.349+02:00Lis Pendens in divorce matters: Mandatory stay according to Art. 19 Brussels II bis even when the respondent is in default? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Cross border divorce cases appear frequently before Greek courts. However,
lis pendens issues are rarely emerging in the hearing. It is widely accepted
that the court second seized is obliged to stay proceedings until the court
first seized decides on its jurisdiction. Usually this is the case when the
respondent invokes Art. 19 Brussels II bis. The Gytheion First Instance Court
was confronted with the question, whether it should stay proceedings, although
the respondent was in default.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gytheion First Instance Court Nr. 7/2017,
unreported </span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">THE FACTS:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The parties are a Greek national
(the claimant) and his Polish wife (the respondent). He filed a divorce action
on March 7, 2016. The claim was properly served to the spouse in Wroclaw, Poland. The
hearing took place on January 11, 2017. The respondent did not appear. During
the proceedings, the Judge examined the claimant’s witness, who at some point
referred to a claim filed by the respondent in Poland. The Judge asked the
claimant’s lawyer to produce the foreign claim to the court, which eventually
was submitted within the term of three days following the hearing in accordance
with domestic Civil Procedure Rules. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">THE RULING: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The court began by a thorough
analysis of Art. 19 Brussels II bis and the respective case law of the CJEU [C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">‑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">489/14, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Α</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> v </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Β</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,
ECLI:EU:C:2015:654; C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">‑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">173/16, M. H. v M. H., ECLI:EU:C:2016:542; C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">‑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">296/10, Bianca Purrucker v Guillermo
Vall</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">é</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">s Pérez], while at the same time it
referred to case law published on the interpretation of Brussels I Regulation,
which is to be applied by way of analogy [C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">‑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">185/07, Allianz SpA, Generali
Assicurazioni Generali SpA v West Tankers Inc.; Health Service Executive v S.
C., A. C., ECLI:EU:C:2012:255;]. It then confirmed its international jurisdiction
to try the case, because the spouses’ last common residence was in fact within
the courts venue. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Following the documents produced by the
claimant’s lawyer, i.e. the claim field with the Wroclaw Regional court, it decided to stay proceedings. The court underlined that the claim was filed
on January 22, 2016, i.e. prior to the Greek claim. The court also stated that
the Polish claim was served to the Greek husband, and that the case is still
pending before the Wroclaw Regional court, which has not yet decided on its
jurisdiction. The Greek court stressed that it has no authority to examine
whether the Polish court has jurisdiction, even if it is obvious that is has
not; this is for the Polish court to decide. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For the reasons above, the Gytheion First
Instance Court ordered the stay of proceedings until the Wroclaw Regional court
decides on the matter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">COMMENT: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">To the author’s knowledge, this is
the first judgment applying Article 19 Brussels II bis until today in Greece.
The uniqueness of the ruling is reason enough for sharing it with the public at
large. Beyond that, the judgment is innovative in the sense that it has not
ordered the stay upon the respondent’s request. This is usually happening
throughout EU national courts, and it is also mentioned in pertinent publications.
Unlike the above, the court became aware of the pending action in the course of
proceedings. In other words, the foreign lis pendens has emerged during the taking
of evidence in the hearing. The decision of the court is thus more than welcome
for a number of reasons: First, it provides a new facet to the court’s powers when
examining its jurisdiction; second, it abides by the wording of the law, in
this case Article 19.1 Brussels II bis; third, it serves the principle of
procedural economy.</span></div>
</div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-6798735443785652412017-02-07T19:48:00.002+02:002017-02-07T19:48:56.743+02:00On the significance of UDRP Proceedings before Greek courts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In the course of trademark infringement proceedings, a recent judgment
of the Athens CoA was confronted with a res iudicata plea by the appellant, on
the grounds of a Panel decision rendered by the Asian Domain Name Dispute
Resolution Centre. It is the first time a Greek court is called to examine the
legal nature of a decision issued under ICANN’s Uniform Dispute Resolution
Policy. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Athens CoA Nr. 2288/2016, available
in the data base of the Athens Bar </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></i></div>
<a name='more'></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">THE FACTS:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The parties are the famous </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EL;">ALIBABA GROUP HOLDING
LIMITED (claimant / appellee), and a limited liability company situated in
Attica district. The claimant initiated proceedings in 2011 before the Athens First
Instance Court. The action was partially sustained three years later. The
respondent lodged an appeal in April 2015. The hearing took place November
2015, and the judgment was published September last year. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EL;">I guess there is no need to
present the claimant. It holds the domain name <alibaba.com>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
trademark ‘alibaba’ is globally protected. The respondent proceeded in 2004 on
the registration of the domain name <alibaba.info>. Upon notice almost 7
years later, the claimant filed the action in question before the Athens court.
There is also no need to enter into details as to the specifics of the claim
and the pleadings of the respondent. It was a classical action for trademark infringement.
I shall focus only on one point raised by the appellant: The issue of bad faith
was examined in the course of UDRP proceedings before the</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Asian Domain Name Dispute Resolution Centre. By
virtue of a decision issued by the Hong Kong branch in 2011, the Three-Member
Panel considered that no bad faith domain name registration, therefore no trademark
infringement occurred. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">THE RULING: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Athens CoA ruled that the
decision rendered by the Hong Kong Online Court is the product of a process
alien to either conciliation, or arbitration, or even mediation proceedings.
Therefore, it may not serve as a res iudicata defense. Especially with regard
to arbitration, the UDRP lacks features which are crucial in the course of
arbitration proceedings. For instance, there is no mutual arbitration
agreement; no common selection of the Panelist; and last but not least, the
decision is not binding for the parties, who may reopen proceedings before national
tribunals. Hence, access to state courts is unhindered, which is exactly what
the claimant / appellee did. The court continued by evaluating the UDRP Rules
as legally non-binding. Finally, it stressed out that the Panel’s decision may be
simply taken into account by the state court as one out of many pieces of
evidence. In other words, it has no superior value compared to the rest. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">COMMENT: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The judgment of the Athens CoA is
clearly going towards the right direction. However, it would have spared the court
precious time, had it simply referred to Art. 4 k UDRP Rules, which reads as
follows: ‘k. <u>Availability of Court Proceedings</u>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The mandatory administrative proceeding requirements set forth in
Paragraph 4 shall not prevent either you or the complainant from submitting the
dispute to a court of competent jurisdiction for independent resolution before
such mandatory administrative proceeding is commenced or after such proceeding
is concluded. If an Administrative Panel decides that your domain name
registration should be canceled or transferred, we will wait ten (10) business
days (as observed in the location of our principal office) after we are
informed by the applicable Provider of the Administrative Panel's decision
before implementing that decision. We will then implement the decision unless
we have received from you during that ten (10) business day period official
documentation (such as a copy of a complaint, file-stamped by the clerk of the
court) that you have commenced a lawsuit against the complainant in a
jurisdiction to which the complainant has submitted under Paragraph 3(b)(xiii)
of the Rules of Procedure. (In general, that jurisdiction is either the
location of our principal office or of your address as shown in our Whois
database. See Paragraphs 1 and 3(b)(xiii) of the Rules of Procedure for
details.) If we receive such documentation within the ten (10) business day
period, we will not implement the Administrative Panel's decision, and we will
take no further action, until we receive (i) evidence satisfactory to us of a
resolution between the parties; (ii) evidence satisfactory to us that your
lawsuit has been dismissed or withdrawn; or (iii) a copy of an order from such
court dismissing your lawsuit or ordering that you do not have the right to
continue to use your domain name</i>’.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The interesting part of the case at hand lies
in the fact that the decision of the Panel dismissed the complaint. As
evidenced by the provision above, no time-limits are set for the complainant.
Hence, solely by referring to Art. 4 k UDRP Rules, the court could have discarded
the res iudicata argument. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A final word towards a different, however
similar direction: Unlike the UDRP Rules, the .eu ADR Rules set time limits for
both parties: Pursuant to Art. 22 para 13, ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the
results of ADR shall be binding on the parties and the Registry unless court
proceedings are initiated within 30 calendar days of the notification of the
result of the ADR procedure to the parties</i>’. Hence, if the losing party does
not challenge the decision, the latter will become <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">binding</i>. Thus the question: What would be the reaction of the Greek
court, if the appellant had produced a decision by the .eu ADR court,
dismissing the complaint of the claimant? Would it be possible for the court to
follow the same path without second thoughts? In my view, this would not be easy,
especially for a national court of an EU Member State: To deny the effects of
an ADR procedure established by a EU Regulation, i.e. a piece of legislation
with immediate force in the EU Member States, requires a thorough analysis. Conclusions
could have been drawn by a request for a preliminary ruling 10 years ago [<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Reference for a preliminary ruling from the
Arbitration Court attached to the Economic Chamber of the Czech Republic and
Agricultural Chamber of the Czech Republic (Czech Republic) lodged on 26
February 2007 - Reisebüro Bühler GmbH v Dom.info e.K., Sebastian Dieterle</span></span>]
which submitted the following question: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is
the Arbitration Court for the resolution of .eu domain name disputes attached
to the Economic Chamber of the Czech Republic and Agricultural Chamber of the
Czech Republic (Czech Arbitration Court), established pursuant to Regulation
(EC) No 874/2004, 1 empowered to refer questions to the Court of Justice for a
preliminary ruling under the second paragraph of Article 234 EC?</i> An answer
did not come from the CJEU, because the case was removed from the register. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For more info on the .eu ADR court, you could
check my article [Online Dispute Resolution: The .eu ADR Paradigm], in: <a href="https://www.academia.edu/8340352/Online_Dispute_Resolution_The_.eu_ADR_Paradigm" target="_blank">here</a> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, published in: Romanian Review of
Arbitration 2015 (9), Nr. 2, pp. 11-20.</span></div>
<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/"></a></div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-91785413408781126252016-11-18T12:36:00.000+02:002016-11-18T12:37:10.159+02:00Winds of change in the recognition of foreign adult adoption decrees in Greece<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">On September 22, the Plenum of the Greek Supreme Court published a
groundbreaking ruling on the issue of the recognition of foreign adult adoption
decrees. The decision demonstrates the respect shown to the judgments of the
European Court of Human Rights, especially in the aftermath of the notorious <i>Negrepontis </i>case.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><i><span lang="EN-US">Supreme Court (Full
bench) 9/2016, unreported</span></i></b></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></u></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A is an Albanian citizen born in 1980. At the age of 14 he immigrated to
Italy. He stayed for many years in a child care institution, whose director was
B, a Greek citizen born in 1938, acquiring additionally the Italian nationality
at a later point. In 2002, i.e. one year after his retirement, B decided to
adopt A. By virtue of a court decision in Rome, A was declared B’s adoptive son
on the basis of Italian law [Article 281 Codice Civile]. The decision is final
and conclusive. B passed away in 2008. He was the owner of immovable property
and a bank account in Greece. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A was hindered to gain access to B’s assets<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by C, a Greek national claiming inheritance
rights to B’s property, on the grounds of a holographic will, for which she
completed all necessary legal requirements, in order to acquire the status of a
heir. Confronted with the situation above, A filed a claim before the Athens
First Instance Court, contesting the will. C challenged A’s standing to sue on
two grounds: </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">First, because the Italian decree was not recognized in Greece, i.e. no
special proceedings took place for the recognition under Art. 780 Greek Code of
Civil Procedure [CCivP]; Art. 780 reads as follows: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Subject to the provisions of international conventions, a judgment of a
foreign court is granted without any proceedings the same authority in Greece
to that recognized by the law of the state of the court which issued the
judgment, if 1) the decision applied the same substantive rules which would
have been applicable under Greek conflict of laws rules, and must have been
rendered by a court having jurisdiction under the law of the State whose
substantive rules were applied; 2) it is not contrary to morality and public
policy</i>.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Second, because the adoption contravenes with Article 1579 Greek Civil
Code [CC] on the adoption of adults, which should have been applied pursuant to
Article 23 CC, i.e. the conflict of laws rule for adoption cases with foreign
elements. Article 1579 CC states that an adult adoption is permitted only when
there is a line of kinship between the adoptee and the adopter up to the fourth
degree, or if the persons aforementioned are related by affinity. Article 23 CC
states that the adoption prerequisites are governed by the law of each party’s
nationality. In case of multiple nationality, Article 31 CC provides that the
Greek nationality prevails over the foreign one. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Athens court dismissed A’s action on the grounds invoked by B [Nr.
5904/2010, unreported].</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A appealed. The Athens CoA dismissed the appeal on the same grounds:
Notwithstanding the fact that Greek law should have been applied pursuant to
Art. 23 & 31 CC, which was reason enough to refuse recognition according to
Art. 780.1 CCivP, a sheer comparison of the facts with the conditions set under
Art. 291 et seq. Codice Civile and Art. 1579 CC demonstrates significant
differences, which cannot be tolerated by the Greek legal order [Athens CoA
1511/2012, unreported]. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A filed a writ of cassation. He referred to Articles 8 & 14 ECHR,
and Article 1 of the First Additional protocol to the Convention. The Supreme
Court took distance from the decisions of the instance courts, but it did not
quash the appellate ruling. Instead it invoked Article 563.2 CCivP, which
regulates the reference of matters of general interest to the Supreme Court’s plenary
session. It held that the question at stake is whether the refusal to recognize
a foreign adult adoption, which in fact is not allowed pursuant to Greek law [Article
1579 CC] (applicable because of B’s Greek nationality [Article 23 & 31 CC]),
and despite that this adoption is allowed in accordance with the law of the
adoptee’s nationality, violates the rights of private and family life, as well
as A’s property rights, pursuant to Articles 8 & 14 ECHR, and Article 1 of
the First Additional protocol to the Convention [Supreme Court 818/2014,
Private Law Chronicles 2015, pp. 117 et seq.]. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">THE RULING</span></u></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Plenum of the Supreme Court began with the presentation and
elaboration of the pertinent domestic and international provisions. It then
stated that even when Greek law poses concrete requirements, the recognition of
a foreign adult adoption decree may not be excluded in any case. In accordance
with the case law of the ECHR, the possibility of recognition needs to be
examined on a case by case basis [referring specifically to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wagner v. Luxembourg & Negrepontis v. Greece
</i>rulings of the Court], otherwise a violation of Articles 8 & 14 ECHR,
and probably Art. 1 of the First Additional protocol to the Convention may not
be excluded. In particular, national courts may not refuse the recognition of a
valid adoption, if the latter has created “a social reality” in the state of
origin. Sheer reference to domestic legal provisions does not suffice. The
surrounding circumstances of the case at hand need to be scrutinized, namely, a)
the time between the adoption decree and the time the latter is examined by the
foreign court; b) the intensiveness of relations leading to the adoption; and c)
the denial of prospects caused by the sudden change on the legal status, as a
result of the refusal to recognize the foreign decree.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hence, the Full Bench continues, in cases of adoption with foreign
elements, Article 8 ECHR imposes to national courts the duty to seek a “cross-border
continuation” of the personal status and links of the parties to adoption, as
long as they really exist in the foreign state. Having said that, Article 8
ECHR does not function as an autonomous tool for the recognition of foreign adoption
decrees, resulting in the substitution of domestic rules. National courts
should however adapt and construe their provisions on the basis of its
standards.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">On the grounds of the above findings, the Plenum quashed the judgment of
the Athens CoA, stating that the instance court failed to take into
consideration the surrounding circumstances of the case, such as the personal status
of the adopter, who was a resident of Italy for a long period of time and with
no links to Greece until the day he passed away; instead it opted for the
strict application of domestic rules, regardless of the fact that this adoption
was valid both under Italian and Albanian law. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">COMMENTS</span></u></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The case is not yet over for A. Litigation will resume before the Athens
CoA, pursuant to Article 580 CCivP [reference to the court whose decision was
quashed for re-examination on the merits]. The instance court has to abide by the
Full Bench ruling. Still, the latter did not exclude the application of Article
780 CCivP; it rather emphasized on the facts and circumstances in need to be
considered when examining a request for recognition under this provision. The
Athens CoA has still discretionary powers to refuse recognition, however this
time entering into factual details regarding the case at hand. Mere reference
to the domestic provisions is not anymore acceptable as a ground for refusal.
Hence, the different approach of Greek as opposed to Italian law is not anymore
relevant. The final frontier is therefore (once again) public order.
Nevertheless, there’s too little space left for this clause: After the condemnation
of the Hellenic Republic for violation of the ECHR in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Negrepontis </i>case, and the unambiguous way in which the Plenum became
aligned with this ruling, it would take tremendous efforts by the Athens CoA,
in order to trace a violation of domestic public policy. </span></span></div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
</div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-80271355549578088292016-11-16T14:44:00.000+02:002016-11-16T14:44:22.805+02:00Compulsory Joinder and jurisdiction clause effects <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(C-436/16, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Georgios Leventis, Nikolaos Vafeias v Malcon Navigation Co. Ltd, Brave
Bulk Transport Ltd</i>)</span></b></span></h4>
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Pagos] does not happen quite often; in fact, it is a rarity, and, particularly
in the field of judicial cooperation in civil matters, rather a unicum. Hence,
reason enough to report on the judgment which led to the request lodged on the 4<sup>th</sup>
of August 2016, asking the CJEU to interpret Article 23 Brussels I Regulation. The
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</span></u></i></b></span></h4>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">FACTS</span></span></u></b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">Malcon Navigation Co. is the owner of a vessel, which was chartered by Brave
Bulk Transport Ltd, a company registered in Malta, legally represented by Georgios
Leventis, however actually owned and administered by Nikolaos Vafeias. Some
months later, Brave Bulk Transport Ltd sub-chartered the vessel to the Ministry
of Commerce of Iraq, in violation of the agreed conditions. As a result, the
vessel was given back to Malcon Navigation Co. with 5 months delay. The latter
triggered Malcon Navigation Co. to initiate arbitration proceedings in London,
requesting that Brave Bulk Transport Ltd be condemned to pay the amount of
nearly 1,5 million Euros [it is not clear from the decision when the
arbitration agreement was concluded]. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">In the meantime, negotiations started in August 2007, following which
partial payments were effected by Brave Bulk Transport Ltd. In November 14, 2007,
a second agreement was signed between the parties, by virtue of which Malcon
Navigation Co. agreed to postpone arbitral proceedings for six months, so that Brave
Bulk Transport Ltd. Receives payment by the State of Iraq, in order to
reimburse Malcon Navigation Co. In spite of the settlement concluded with the
Iraqi government, Brave Bulk Transport Ltd. terminated the contract with Malcon
Navigation Co., stating the country’s ostensible refusal to settle the case as
the reason for termination. Malcon Navigation Co. became aware of the
settlement some months later, i.e. November 2008.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">Immediately afterwards arbitration proceedings were reopened on the initiative
of Malcon Navigation Co.; an award was rendered end September 2009, ordering Brave
Bulk Transport Ltd. to pay the amount of almost half a million Euros plus
interests. However, enforcement efforts remained fruitless, resulting in the
initiation of court proceedings of Malcon Navigation Co. against the remaining
parties, both residents of Piraeus. Strangely enough though, the claimant filed
proceedings against the Maltese company too, despite the unfortunate turn of
events in terms of execution.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">The Piraeus First Instance Court dismissed the action in regards to Brave
Bulk Transport Ltd., on the grounds of a jurisdiction agreement in favor of English
courts, which formed part of the second agreement, dated from November 14, 2007.
On the other side, relief was partially granted against the remaining
defendants. Both sides attacked the decision for their own reasons. The Piraeus
CoA dismissed the appeal of Mr. Leventis and Mr. Vafeias, which challenged the
first instance court judgment to dismiss the lack of international jurisdiction
defense raised by the appellants. At the same time it dismissed the claimant’s
appeal against Brave Bulk Transport Ltd., whereas allowing the appeal against Mr.
Leventis and Mr. Vafeias. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">The matter ended up to the Supreme Court on the initiative of the losing
parties against both companies. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">THE RULING</span></b></u></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">The Supreme Court started with an extensive analysis of Article 23
Brussels I Regulation, citing domestic scholarship and the pertinent rulings of
the CJEU [cases </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">201/1982 (Gerling), C-71/1983
(Tilly Russ), and C-352/2013 (Cartel Damage Claims)]. It then connected Article
23 with Article 6.1 Brussels I Regulation, stressing out the joinder of parties
issue. Pursuant to the Court’s view, the ratio of Article 6.1, i.e. the
avoidance of irreconcilable judgments, is not to be found under Article 23. This
vacuum, i.e. the lack of any reference to a party’s right to invoke the
jurisdiction agreement in favor or against other parties involved in litigation,
contravenes with the predictability principle, embedded in recital 11 of the
Regulation. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">The risk of contradiction is increased in disputes when the party
concluding the choice of court agreement is jointly and severally liable with
the remaining defendants. Such is the case at hand, regulated under Articles 71
(liability of a legal entity) & 926 (joint liability) Greek Civil Code. Hence,
an extension of the agreement’s scope in personam seems to gain traction, in
order to avoid the multiplicity of competent courts for disputes emanating from
the same legal and factual cause of action, thus safeguarding legal certainty
on the whole within the European area of law.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">For the reasons above, the Supreme Court decided to stay proceedings, and
referred the following question to the CJEU: <span>Does the jurisdiction clause which has been agreed pursuant to Article
23(1) of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 1 between companies and in the present case
is included in the privately-executed agreement of 14 November 2007 between the
first and second respondents, Article 10 of which provides that ‘the present
agreement shall be governed by English law, it shall be subject to English
jurisdiction and any dispute arising from or in connection with it shall be
subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the High Court of England and Wales’,
also encompass, as regards acts and omissions of the organs of the second
respondent, who represent it and give rise to liability on its part pursuant to
Article 71 of the Greek Civil Code, the persons responsible who acted in the
performance of their duties and are liable under that article, in conjunction
with Article 926 of the Greek Civil Code, jointly and severally with the
company, a legal person?</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">COMMENTS</span></b></u></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">The referral of the Supreme Court per se is very promising, because it
signals its intention to engage in a previously inexistent discourse with the
CJEU. In anticipation of the European Court’s ruling, and the opinion of the
Advocate General before that, it suffices to say that the general view on the
matter does not seem to support the position of the Supreme Court. For
instance, Prof. Magnus states in his analysis under Art. 23 Brussels I Regulation
that “where a claimant sues several defendants in same proceedings, a
jurisdiction agreement can only be invoked by and against the defendant with
whom the jurisdiction agreement has been concluded” [<span>Magnus/Mankowski</span>, Brussels I Regulation (2<sup>nd</sup> ed. 2012)
art. 23 note 158]. However, as mentioned in the beginning, this post serves
solely as a quick glance to the Supreme Court’s reasoning, whereas its author
reserves his right to return on the matter, once the CJEU publishes its ruling.</span></div>
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-81761150551949211622016-11-12T15:59:00.001+02:002016-11-12T15:59:47.043+02:00Greek Payment Orders Against Foreign Residents - Amendments to Articles 623 Et Seq. Greek Code of Civil Procedure<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dear all</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I would like to bring to your attention an article of mine, which is
scheduled to be published in the next edition of <b>International Journal
of Procedural Law</b>.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In anticipation of the publication, I have uploaded the article in SSRN.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The web page, where the text may be found is the following:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2868091" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2868091</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<u><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Title</span></span></u><br />
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><h1>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Greek Payment Orders Against Foreign Residents - Amendments to Articles 623 Et Seq. Greek Code of Civil Procedure</span></span></h1>
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Summary</span></span></u></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Since January 1, 2016, law
No. 4335/2015 entered into force, resulting in radical changes in Greek
civil litigation. Part of the reforms deals with amendments to the
chapter on payment orders. Previously it was forbidden to issue a Greek
order for payment, if the debtor was residing abroad. Pursuant to the
new provisions, this is no longer the case. The importance of the matter
for foreign debtors is related to the peculiar nature of the Greek
model: Unlike the majority of EU Member States’ legislation, the Greek
order for payment is, once issued, automatically an enforceable title.
The new provisions feature therefore a dual system, depending on the
residence of the debtor: With respect to debtors living in Greece, the
order for payment remains immediately enforceable; however, additional
requirements have been posed, when the order for payment has to be
served abroad, in order to safeguard the rights of the defendants.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></span></div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-74646386249745916792016-10-25T20:15:00.001+03:002016-10-25T20:15:33.077+03:00Online Defamation, centre of interests, and place of harmful event <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">FACTS</span></u></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The claimant is a famous person in Greece. He holds both the Russian and the Greek nationality. He’s
today the president of a Premier League football club in the country, which is
located in Thessaloniki. When the file was claimed he was not legally the
president, but it was common knowledge that he was the de facto president, a
fact he has also underlined in his claim. In particular, he was pulling the
strings of a Cypriot company, which was the majority shareholder of the club’s
shares. This company was represented by his sons, who were receiving
instructions from him for all matters related to the football club. The claimant
states Thessaloniki as his place of residence. The respondents are a football
club of the Greek Premier League (A), located in Piraeus, and the CEO of the
club (B), a resident of the same city.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The claimant portrays himself as a highly
successful entrepreneur, owner of a large group of companies, with its seat in
Rostov, Russia; an ex-politician and deputy in both the Rostov district and the
Duma, and an ex-president of two Russian football clubs. He filed an action for
damages in the altitude of 1 million Euros, caused by a post uploaded both in
Greek and Russian on the official web site of (A), which presumably violated
his personality rights. Actually it was a press statement of (A), approved by
the Board, and then reproduced by a significant number of sports magazines and
newspapers in Greece. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The defendants did not challenge the venue of
the court, and focused on the substantive aspects of the subject matter.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">THE RULING</span></u></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The court granted the claim partially, awarding
the sum of 30.000 Euros. It based its jurisdiction in Article 35 Code of Civil
Procedure (forum delicti commissi). The court stated that the place where the
tort was committed was virtually everywhere, i.e. wherever there was access to
the web post, whereas the place where the harmful event occurred was mainly the
place of the claimant’s habitual residence. Hence, the forum of the defendants
(Article 22 Code of Civil Procedure) was surpassed by reference to the claimant’s
habitual residence in Thessaloniki. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">COMMENTS</span></u></span></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The ruling of the court was undoubtedly correct:
The defendants did not challenge the venue, hence a tacit approval of the court’s
jurisdiction was evident. At the same time, the cross-border elements of the
case were undervalued as a result of the above. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">However, the facts demonstrate the intricacies
of the matter, in light of the e-Date ruling of the CJEU. As it is well known,
the European Court placed the centre of main interests on top of all other
connecting factors, concluding that: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the
person who considers that his rights have been infringed has the option of
bringing an action for liability, in respect of all the damage caused, either
before the courts of the Member State in which the publisher of that content is
established or before the courts of the Member State in which the centre of his
interests is based. That person may also, instead of an action for liability in
respect of all the damage caused, bring his action before the courts of each
Member State in the territory of which content placed online is or has been
accessible. Those courts have jurisdiction only in respect of the damage caused
in the territory of the Member State of the court seised’</i>.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Therefore, we may conclude that the
Thessaloniki court had international jurisdiction to try the case, given that
Greece was the Member State in which the publisher of that content is
established. Still, was Thessaloniki the proper venue?</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is accepted that the rule of Art. 7.2
Brussels I bis / Art. 5.3 Brussels I Regulation covers both international
jurisdiction and territorial competence of the court seized. Therefore, for
establishing the venue of the court, one needs to examine the findings of the
CJEU, as stated in the e-Date case, which brings us to the question: Was Thessaloniki
the centre of the claimant’s interests? </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The court did not consider the e-date ruling;
as a result, it did not examine the matter in accordance with its findings.
Admittedly, the court had no reason to do it, since its jurisdiction was not
challenged. The case demonstrates however the potential difficulties in
defining the centre of main interests in similar cases: According to his Wikipedia
web page, the claimant and his wife are now formally the majority shareholders
of the largest Russian tobacco company. He also owns a group of companies
located in Rostov, Russia. The shares of the football club, of which he’s the
President, are owned by a Cypriot company. At the same time, he’s the manager
of an old and well known hotel in Thessaloniki, he owns 82 % of the shares of
the biggest Greek tobacco company, located in Xanthi (a city in the region of
Thrace), and he is the owner of land and hotel resorts in the district of Chalkidiki.
His personal web site is available in three languages (Russian, Greek and
English), however he chose to register a domain name under the country code
.ru. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">To sum up: </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
court applied domestic law, unaware of the e-Date findings.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It
obviously opted for an extensive interpretation, thus opening the door to forum
actoris for all cases involving online defamation in the future. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There’s
no reason to comment on possible actions for damages before courts of other
Member States, because the claimant’s activities within the EU are limited to
Greece. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A
possible second action before Russian courts (e.g. Rostov) would not have to
take into account the ruling of the CJEU. </span></span></div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
</div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-16840664507785553242016-10-19T18:58:00.001+03:002016-10-19T19:39:54.214+03:00Recognition of an Egyptian Khul’a divorce in Greece<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Recognition of divorces from Arab countries is not exactly a daily
routine for Greek judges. In this case the court examined an application for
the recognition of a divorce through an agreement of the spouses, known as Khul’a,
certified by an Egyptian notary public.</span></h3>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Thessaloniki
First Instance Court 12223/2014, unreported</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">FACTS</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The applicant
is living in the Thessaloniki district. She concluded a civil wedding with an
Egyptian national at the Ministry of Interior in Cairo on October 2011. This
marriage was declared as dissolved by virtue of a divorce certificate issued
under the rule of Khul’a. In particular, the applicant produced to the Greek
court a deed issued by a notary public in Cairo. She applied for the
recognition of the above deed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">THE RULING</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The court granted the application. It applied domestic rules, i.e.
Articles 323 & 905 Code of Civil Procedure. The court stated that the
dissolution of marriage is in accordance with the laws of Egypt, which is the
law applicable in the case at hand, pursuant to Greek conflict of laws rules
(Articles 16 & 14 Civil Code): The last common residence of the spouses
before initiating divorce proceedings was Cairo, Egypt. Further on, the
features of the notary deed (marriage dissolution certificate) resemble to a
form of divorce in mutual consent. Therefore it does not contravene Greek public
policy, given that the domestic legal order recognizes divorce in mutual
consent (Article 1441 Civil Code). The rights of defense have been respected:
both spouses declared their consent to dissolve the marriage before the notary,
which leads to a final and conclusive act. Finally, no contrary decision was
rendered and no application was pending in Greece.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">For all the reasons above, the application was granted.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">COMMENTS</span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">First of all, the court was right in applying domestic law: Unlike Egypt,
Greece is not a signatory to the 1970 Hague Convention on the recognition of
Divorces and Legal Separations. In addition, no bilateral convention exists
between the two countries.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Digging in case law reports and pertinent data bases I discovered the
existence of a sole similar decision in the past: Some 20 years ago, the Athens
CoA dismissed the application for the recognition of a Sudanese Religious
Court, by virtue of which divorce was rendered on the grounds of talaq (declaration
in the presence of two witnesses). The appellate court found that: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">This form
of divorce is profoundly contrary to the Greek public order. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">It was
totally irrelevant for the CoA that the pending application was filed by the appellant,
i.e. the divorced wife, although it acknowledged that the application was
initiated quite probably for a legitimate cause. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Finally,
the Athens court ruled that the Sudanese decision was to be additionally dismissed,
because no evidence was produced as to its finality. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Coming back to the Thessaloniki ruling, it is evident that the court
surpassed all of the above grounds for refusal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The public
policy barrier was exceeded by reference to the consensual nature of divorce. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The fact
that the application was filed by the wife was underlined by the court.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The
finality was confirmed through evidence furnished by the applicant, which
convinced the court that by issuing the notary’s certificate the issue is not
subject to any appeal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">There’s only one difference as to the facts of the cases above: Whereas
the Athens CoA was confronted with a straightforward <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">talaq</i> case, i.e. a divorce initiated by the husband, the
Thessaloniki court had to decide on a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">khul’a
case</i>. Being not exactly the most knowledgeable person on the matter, I
searched on the WWW, and found out that the difference is the following: “The
situation in which the wife initiates divorce proceedings is known as Khul’a.
Once the husband agrees to divorce her in exchange for some money or the
remission of her dower, the divorce is known as Talaq. It is as valid as the
Talaq given by the man of his own initiative. Khul’a depends upon the agreement
reached between the two parties… Once the husband agrees to Khul’a, he is asked
to pronounce TALAQ in exchange for the above mentioned” [http://www.islamic-sharia.org/khula].</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">I’m confident that this decision will meet the approval of legal
scholarship in Greece, which criticized the Athens CoA ruling as being not
sufficiently flexible in cases where the application for recognition is filed
by the wife. It remains to be seen whether this tendency will be followed in
the future. Last but not least, I remind you of a similar judgment, once again
by a Thessaloniki court, for which I have reported nearly two years ago [recognition
of a rabbinical divorce, see <a href="http://icl-in-greece.blogspot.gr/2014_11_02_archive.html" target="_blank">http://icl-in-greece.blogspot.gr/2014_11_02_archive.html</a>].</span></div>
<br /></div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-89955843276989052016-10-11T19:15:00.003+03:002016-10-11T19:17:15.565+03:00On the significance of translation inaccuracies in the field of the Lugano Convention (and beyond…)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 class="1" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Thessaloniki Court of Appeal dismissed the “appeal” lodged by a
Greek debtor against the enforcement of a Swiss judgment on the grounds of Article
43.5 of the 2007 Lugano Convention. The appeal was filed timely, however not
served to the appellee within the term provided by the provision above.</span></b></h2>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[Thessaloniki CoA, Decision Nr. 1042/2015, published in: Civil Procedure
Law Review (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Επιθεώρηση</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Πολιτικής</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Δικονομίας</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">) 2015, pp. 351 et seq.].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>----------------------</span></b></h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">The facts:</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="1" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="1" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">The parties are a judgment creditor living in
France, and a judgment debtor, living in Thessaloniki. The former filed an
application for the declaration of enforceability of a Swiss judgment issued by
a civil court in the district of Sarine, Fribourg. The Thessaloniki 1<sup>st</sup>
Instance court declared the Swiss judgment enforceable in 2012. The Greek
decision was served to the debtor on April 25, 2013. Five days later an “appeal”
was filed with the court issuing the judgment, pursuant to Art. 495.1 Greek
Code of Civil Procedure. Following a request of the “appellant” according to
Art. 498.1 CCP, dated from May 14, 2013, the Thessaloniki CoA scheduled the
hearing date (10.11.2014). The latter served the notice to appeal on September
25, 2014.</span></span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="1" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="1" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">The ruling:</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="1" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="1" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">The Thessaloniki CoA provided a thorough
analysis of the applicable rules. It referred to the 2007 Lugano Convention,
mentioning nearly all articles of Sections I & II of Chapter 3 [Art. 32 et
seq.] It then focused on the exequatur proceedings according to domestic
provisions [Art. 905 Code of Civil Procedure], reiterating the predominant view
in Greece, which considers the decision rendered by the 1<sup>st</sup> Instance
Court as a <i>court order</i>, i.e. not a
judgment. According to the Greek version of Art. 43.5 Lugano Convention, the
available means of attack against the declaration of enforceability falls under
the category of remedies lodged in second instance, so called </span><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">ένδικα</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">μέσα</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">. This rather unfortunate selection of words, so the court, should not
be perceived as an <i>appeal</i> against the
court order granting exequatur, even though Greece has indicated the Court of
Appeal as the competent court pursuant to Annex III, referred to by Art. 43.2
Lugano Convention. The CoA acts in this particular situation as a first
instance court, meaning that the party filing the remedy under Art. 43.5 Lugano
Convention shall submit it to the CoA and serve it to the counterparty within
the terms (one or two months depending on the facts) stated thereunder. Under
normal circumstances, sheer filing at the CoA suffices, i.e. no service of
process is needed for considering the lodging as concluded. However, the latter
is not the case in the ambit of the Lugano Convention.</span></span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="1" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Following the above, the Thessaloniki CoA
dismissed the “appeal” (as stated by the party filing the remedy) due to
untimely service to the judgment creditor. </span></span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Comments:</span></u></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">This is undoubtedly an endemic problem caused by two
factors: The first has been already mentioned, i.e. the inaccurate translation
used in Art. 43.5 of the 2007 Lugano Convention. In the course of the last
three decades, the Greek version of similar provisions in the field of judicial
cooperation in civil matters is balanced between the terms recourse [in Greek: </span><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">προσφυγή</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">], and legal remedy in second instance [in Greek: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">ένδικο</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">μέσο</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">], the former being selected in Articles 36 of the 1968
Brussels and 1988 Lugano Conventions, Article 33 Brussels II bis Regulation, Article
32 Maintenance Regulation, whereas the latter chosen for Articles 43 Brussels I
Regulation, Article 36 of the 2007 Lugano Convention, and Article 50 Succession
and Wills Regulation. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">The second factor is the persistent omission of the
Greek Ministry of Justice to pass implementing legislation in the field, so as
to clarify evident discrepancies and to streamline the EU texts with the
domestic landscape. Unfortunately there’s no hope in sight: Not even after the
entry into force of the Brussels I bis Regulation has been any effort visible
towards the direction aforementioned. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Consequently, the problem is here to stay: Unexperienced
lawyers in the field of International Civil Litigation will continue to resort
to the traditional means of filing an “appeal” (as stipulated in Article 495.1
Code of Civil Procedure), i.e. by simply submitting the remedy to the CoA,
being unaware of the fatal repercussions of their omission to serve it to the
judgment creditor within the time limits provided by the EU Regulations and the
Lugano Convention.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">For further info on the matter, you could check the
following articles: </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Anthimos</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-variant: small-caps;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments
according to the Brussels I bis Regulation in Greece, Yearbook of Private
International Law, Volume 16 (2014/2015), pp. 345-364 = </span></span></span></div>
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2782427" target="_blank">http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2782427</a></span></span></span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Anthimos</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-variant: small-caps;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Exequatur proceedings
according to the Brussels I Regulation in Greece, Revue Hellénique de Droit
International 2014, pp. 1007-1021 = </span></span></span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2712375">http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2712375</a></span></span></span></h2>
</div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-41138581793715570752016-10-05T19:05:00.000+03:002016-10-05T19:05:02.083+03:00No application of Brussels I Regulation for the enforcement of a Belgian judgment in Greece <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Thessaloniki 1st Instance court was asked to declare enforceable a
Belgian labor court decision which ordered the compensation of a Social
Security institution against an insured individual on the grounds of illicit
granting of sickness benefits. The court considered that the nature of the case
falls under Article 1.2 (c) Brussels I Regulation. Therefore, it examined the
application under the pertinent provisions of the Greek Code of Civil Procedure. </span></b></span></h2>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></span></h2>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[Thessaloniki 1st Instance court, Decision Nr. 7606/2012, published in: Armenopoulos
2015, pp. 1169 et seq.]. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span></h2>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span></h2>
<div class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: large;"><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">The</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">
</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">facts</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;">:</span></u></b></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The applicant is described as a Belgian company
embedded in the social security system of the country, being one of the respective
national unions. It produced a judgment of the Tongeren labor court (Nr. 615/2010)
by virtue of which G.V. was ordered to return to the applicant the amount of 21.442,78
Euros, a sum illicitly received as sickness allowance within a period of two
years. The</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">applicant</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">requested</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">the</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">declaration</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">of</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">enforceability</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. </span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ruling</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Thessaloniki court referred initially to
Article 1 Brussels I Regulation, focusing on Para 2 (c), i.e. the social
security matters exclusion. It then proceeded with the analysis of the
provision, referring to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Evrigenis/Kerameus
</i>Report. Returning to the facts of the case, it made use of Art. 337 Code of
Civil Procedure (Knowledge of foreign law), in order to verify whether the sick
benefits branch falls under the scope of the Belgian social security system. In
particular, the court confirmed that the above branch is governed by the
National Sickness and Disability Social Security Organization (INAMI).
Consequently, the court concluded that the Belgian judgment was rendered in the
course of a dispute concerning social security matters. Therefore, given that
the Brussels I Regulation does not apply pursuant to Article 1.2 (c), and that
no other bilateral or multilateral convention covering the above matters exists
between the two countries, it examined the application in accordance with
domestic rules, i.e. Articles 323 Nr. 2-5 & 905 <span class="4"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">§1-3</span></span> CCP. </span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The conditions for enforcement are the
following: </span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Article 323. Subject to the provisions of
international conventions, a judgment of a foreign civil court is given res
iudicata effect in Greece without any proceedings, if … 2) the case was
subjected to the jurisdiction of the courts of the state, to which the court
which rendered the judgment belongs; 3) the losing party has not been deprived
of its right of defence and generally its right to participate in the
proceedings, unless it has enjoyed equal opportunities to nationals of the
country, whose court rendered the judgment; 4) the foreign judgment is
inconsistent to a domestic judgment issued in the same case and being binding
for the same parties; 5) the foreign judgment must not be contrary to morality
or public policy.</span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Article 905.1. Subject to the provisions of
international conventions, enforcement of a foreign instrument may be carried
out in Greece as from the time such instrument is declared enforceable by a
decision of the Single-Member Court of First Instance of the debtor’s domicile,
or, in its absence, of the debtor’s residence, or, in the absence of both, of
the country’s capital. The Single-Member Court of First Instance shall follow
the procedure of articles 740 to 781. 2. The Single-Member Court of First
Instance shall declare the foreign instrument as enforceable on the condition
that it is enforceable according to the law of its origin and is not contrary
to morality or public policy. 3. If the foreign instrument is a court decision,
the conditions laid down under Article 323 Nrs. 2 to 5 must also be met.</span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Based on the provisions aforementioned, the
court stated that the Belgian judgment is enforceable, since it bears the executory
formula (seal of the King of Belgium, Albert the 2<sup>nd</sup>); the Belgian
court had jurisdiction to try the case, because the defendant was a resident of
Belgium at the time the judgment was rendered; the respondent was not deprived
of his audience rights, because it is evidenced by the foreign judgment that he
was represented by an attorney at law; no judgment is rendered by, or a claim of
a similar nature is pending before Greek courts; finally, no violation of Greek
public policy results from the declaration of enforceability of the Belgian
judgment in question.</span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comments:</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Prima facie one
may think that the judgment is unworthy of reference, given that the Brussels I
Regulation has been substituted by the Brussels I bis Regulation, in force
since January 10, 2015. The counterargument lies in the following facts:</span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Brussels I Regulation will continue to apply
for a transitional period; Pursuant to Article 66.2 Brussels I bis Regulation, “…
Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 shall continue to apply to judgments given in legal
proceedings instituted, to authentic instruments formally drawn up or
registered and to court settlements approved or concluded before 10 January
2015 which fall within the scope of that Regulation”.</span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This is the first decision in Greece applying Article
1.2 (c) Brussels I Regulation, and I found only one more judgment of a German
court on the matter [LAG Frankfurt a.M. 12.02.2007, IPRax 2008, 131; see also <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Eichenhofer</i>, IPRax 2008, 109 et seq.].</span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The ruling should be additionally examined under
the Brussels I bis Regulation, in terms of a potential ground for confusion in
the enforcement stage. In particular, bearing in mind that “a judgment given in
a Member State which is enforceable in that Member State shall be enforceable
in the other Member States without any declaration of enforceability being
required” [Art. 39], there is no court examining whether a foreign judgment
falls under the scope of the new Regulation. It is reminded that pursuant to
Art. 42.1 “for the purposes of enforcement in a Member State of a judgment
given in another Member State, the applicant shall provide the competent
enforcement authority with (a) copy of the judgment which satisfies the
conditions necessary to establish its authenticity, and (b) the certificate
issued pursuant to Article 53, certifying that the judgment is enforceable and
containing an extract of the judgment as well as, where appropriate, relevant
information on the recoverable costs of the proceedings and the calculation of
interest”. </span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The competent authority in Greece is the bailiff. In other words, the
bailiff will be in charge in the enforcement stage, given that no exequatur is
foreseen. An intervention by a domestic lawyer, presumably more knowledgeable in
the issue at stake, is not provided by the Regulation. Hence, if the bailiff
receives the certificate of Art. 53, it is not expected that he will proceed to
any further scrutiny as to the nature of the case.</span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="1" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Moreover, we should also question whether the judgment debtor would be
entitled to challenge the enforcement in the course of his application to
refuse the judgment under Art. 45 et seq. Brussels I bis Regulation, and if so,
under which ground for refusal.</span></span></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-41712158773094549212016-08-26T16:55:00.000+03:002016-08-26T16:55:25.435+03:00No application of foreign law in Greek summary proceedings <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A judgment rendered early this year by the Thessaloniki 1<sup>st</sup>
Instance Court continues in the line followed by a series of earlier decisions,
which apply domestic law even when foreign law should have been applied, in
accordance with the Rome II Regulation </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">[Thessaloniki 1<sup>st</sup> Instance
Court Nr. 126/2016, published in the data base ISOCRATES (Athens Bar Association)].
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">THE FACTS: </b>The applicant is a Romanian citizen, living in Craiova.
He is a driver by profession, working in the field of transportation. The 1<sup>st</sup>
defendant is also a citizen and resident of Romania, actually a colleague of
the applicant. In the course of their occupation, they were ordered to load a
quantity of fruits from Greece and return to Romania. The defendant was sitting
on the wheel, while the applicant was in the third (back) seat. On their way
back and within the administrative region of Thessaloniki, an accident occurred.
The defendant lost control of the vehicle and crushed the track outside the
highway. As a result, a third person within the track (sitting next to the
driver) was killed, and the applicant was severely injured. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The applicant initiated summary
proceedings against the driver (1<sup>st</sup> defendant), the owner of the
vehicle, and the Motor Insurers’ Bureau (M.I.B.), which is a legal entity of private
law based in Athens, supervised by the Bank of Greece. He requested damages for
economic loss and additional expenses caused because of the accident. At the
hearing, the applicant withdrew the proceedings with respect to the driver and
the truck owner.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">THE RULING:</b> The Thessaloniki court
assumed jurisdiction on the grounds of Article 3 in conjunction with Article 35
Greek Civil Procedure, i.e. the provisions granting international jurisdiction
to the place where the harmful event occurred. It then examined the issue of
applicable law. In this respect it referred to the Rome II Regulation, <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: EUAlbertina-Bold-Identity-H; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: EUAlbertina-Bold-Identity-H;">on the law applicable to
non-contractual obligations</span>. It first mentioned Article 4.1, by repeating
its wording. Then it went forward, invoking Article 4.2 Rome II Regulation, which
reads as follows<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: EUAlbertina-Regular-Identity-H; mso-fareast-font-family: EUAlbertina-Regular-Identity-H;">where the person claimed
to be liable and the person sustaining damage both have their habitual
residence in the same country at the time when the damage occurs, the law of
that country shall apply.</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: EUAlbertina-Regular-Identity-H; mso-fareast-font-family: EUAlbertina-Regular-Identity-H;"> The court underlined that
it has no discretionary powers as to its application, i.e. it is obliged to
apply the above provision, unless it is satisfied that the escape clause of
Art. 4.3 </span>Rome II Regulation should prevail. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
In
light of the above, the Thessaloniki court concluded that by applying Art. 4.3,
the case is more closely connected with Romania: Both the driver and the victim
are Romanian citizens living in Romania; the vehicle is registered in Dolj
county, Romania; and the green card was issued by Romanian authorities. Hence, Romanian
law should be applied in the case at hand. However, due to the urgency of the
matter, the court opted for the application of Greek law, because it was not
aware of the pertinent provisions under Romanian law, nor it was possible for
the court to become aware of it on short notice, i.e. without ordering the
production of relevant evidence, thus delaying excessively the pending
proceedings.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
For
the reasons stated above, the Thessaloniki court proceeded to the examination
of the merits, applying fully and exclusively domestic law. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">COMMENTS:</b> Two points deserve some closer
look in the decision of the court. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Although the court was right in accepting its
jurisdiction, its omission to refer to the provisions of the Brussels I bis
Regulation leaves a bitter taste in regards to the preparedness of Greek courts
to examine cases with cross border elements on the basis of the proper /
applicable regime. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>On the other hand, the court was much more
knowledgeable regarding the conflict of laws rules of Rome II Regulation. The analysis
made by the court with respect to Article 4 was impeccable. What probably strikes
the attention of the reader is rather the end-result, i.e. the application of
Greek law for the reasons stated above. This is however a path followed almost
religiously by Greek courts over the last decades. In most of the decisions
reported, the courts include an additional argument, namely that the foreign
law would presumably not deviate significantly from domestic legislation. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Legal scholarship supports almost unanimously this
position. There are only some suggestions, that courts should exploit all
available means and exhaust all possible sources of information, especially by
making use of technological tools, in order to reach foreign law provisions
applicable in the case under dispute. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
A final remark on this point would go towards the
direction of Article 14 Rome II Regulation. The court omitted to make reference
to Art. 14.1 [freedom of choice by the parties]. It is not clear by the text of
the judgment, whether the parties invoked Greek or Romanian law. Usually Greek
lawyers tend to refer to the provisions of their jurisdiction, as most probably
done by other colleagues around the globe. Hence, if no issue of applicable law
was raised by the parties, the court could have easily apply directly domestic
law, without passing through the thorny corridors of Article 4 Rome II
Regulation. </div>
</div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-3741448777996640512016-08-13T13:02:00.001+03:002016-08-13T13:13:15.894+03:00Refusal to accept Greek proceedings by a Greek living in Germany (Art. 8 Service Regulation)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A judgment rendered last year by the Thessaloniki 1<sup>st</sup> Instance
Court is expected to give rise for new comments on the right of the recipient
to refuse documents from abroad. The interesting part of the ruling is that the
respondent refusing to receive the claim was of Greek nationality, living in
Germany. </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span></b><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">THE FACTS: </b>The parties are a Greek bank (the claimant) and a Greek
debtor living in Germany (the defendant). The claimant initiated compensation proceedings
before the Thessaloniki Court of 1<sup>st</sup> Instance, in order to obtain an
enforceable title covering the remaining unpaid sum. The claim was filed with
the court and a hearing date was set, as it was the case in accordance with
procedural provisions in force until 31.12.2015<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></span>.
Following the above, the claimant served the claim to the Thessaloniki Prosecutor’s
Office, the latter being the Transmitting Agency officially declared by the
Hellenic Republic. At the hearing date, the claimant submitted three documents
in this respect: </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>A
true copy of the certificate of service to the Prosecutor’s Office by a competent
Greek process server.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>The
original of the standard form issued in accordance with Art. 4 Para 3 Service
Regulation.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>The
standard form issued in accordance with Art. 10 Service Regulation, where it
was noted that the recipient refused acceptance of the document.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The defendant was in default of proceedings.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">THE RULING</b>: The court dismissed the hearing of the action<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></span>
as inadmissible. It founded its ruling on several provisions of the Service
Regulation (Articles 5, 8, 10 and 19). It was clear that the claim was served
without a translation in German, i.e. the <span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: EUAlbertina-Regu; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">official language of
the Member State addressed. Hence, t</span>he court focused especially on
Article 8 Para 1 (b) Service Regulation, and decided that the addressee
(defendant) did not understand the language <span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: EUAlbertina-Regu; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">of the Member
State of transmission (Greek). The foundation upon which the court based its
judgment was the following:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>The
defendant’s refusal to accept the document recorded in the standard form
aforementioned was not justified; however, it is presumably connected with the inability
of the defendant to understand the Greek language.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>The
claimant failed to produce any correspondence between the parties related to
the subject matter in the Greek language. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>The
loan contract was not signed by the defendant; he appointed a proxy for this
cause.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Finally, the court emphasized
that the claimant could have served a fresh copy of the claim, this time with
an attached translation; however, he failed to so.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
For the above reasons, the
Thessaloniki Court of 1<sup>st</sup> Instance dismissed the hearing of the action
as inadmissible.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">COMMENTS: </b>There has been pretty much discussion about the right of
refusal established in Article 8 Service Regulation. Starting with the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Leffler </i>case of the CJEU [Case C-443/03],
the claimant had the chance to secure that the hearing takes place, by sending
a translation of the claim. Secondly, the CJEU has recently clarified that ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the
fact that that agency, when serving a document on its addressee, fails to
enclose the standard form set out in Annex II to Regulation
No 1393/2007, does not constitute a ground for the procedure to be
declared invalid, but an omission which must be rectified in accordance with
the provisions set out in that regulation’ </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[case </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">C‑519/13</span>,<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alpha Bank Cyprus Ltd</i></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">].</span>
It has not been mentioned in the judgment whether the Greek agency did enclose
the above standard form or not. This is however a secondary matter in the
present case, since the defendant managed to exercise his right of refusal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Last but not least, the CJEU
has clarified in the case </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ingenieurbüro Michael Weiss und Partner GbR</span></i>
[Case C-14/07], that ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No </span></i><i>1348/2000</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> is to be interpreted as meaning that the fact that the
addressee of a document served has agreed in a contract concluded with the
applicant in the course of his business that correspondence is to be conducted
in the language of the Member State of transmission does not give rise to a
presumption of knowledge of that language, but is evidence which the court may
take into account in determining whether that addressee understands the
language of the Member State of transmission’</span></i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Without</span><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">referring to the above ruling, the Thessaloniki court took into account
the surrounding circumstances of the contract, and concluded that the fact that
it was drafted in Greek<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></span> does
not give rise to a presumption of knowledge of that language, because (as
stated above) no correspondence in Greek has been produced to the court by the
claimant. Finally, no direct involvement of the defendant was proven, both in
the pre-contractual phase, as in the day the contract was signed, since he was
represented by a proxy.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">To sum up, it was probably the inaction of the claimant which triggered
the court to decide in favour of the defendant. The lesson learned by this
ruling is that it takes more than a default party and a complacent presumption
that all Greeks understand Greek to win a case. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<br />
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<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
The 2016 reform has modified vastly the pre-trial phase in ordinary proceedings:
previously the claimant was serving proceedings only after the hearing was
scheduled; by virtue of the new system service takes place after filing and
before scheduling the hearing date.</div>
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<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
i.e. not the action itself. In the latter case, the plaintiff is obliged to
file a new claim, whereas in the former he only needs to summon the defendant,
once the vice has been healed.</div>
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<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9080370463319971948#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
It is not stated in the judgment whether there was a clause such as the one mentioned
in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ingenieurbüro Michael Weiss und Partner GbR</span></i> case.
However it is common sense that any following correspondence would have to be
drafted in the language already selected for the contract.<span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-70472197788645516422016-06-03T16:24:00.003+03:002016-06-03T16:28:51.113+03:00First judgment on the application of Brussels I bis Regulation in Greece<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
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<h4>
</h4>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Nearly 18 months after the entry into force of Regulation 1215/2012, and
following few decisions rendered in the course of summary proceedings, the
Thessaloniki 1<sup>st</sup> Instance Court published early March the first
judgment on the application of the Brussels I bis Regulation in ordinary
proceedings. </span></span></span></span></span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: #351c75; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">The facts:</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"> On February 2014, the claimant, a resident of Thessaloniki, Greece, acting
as a funds administrator on behalf of a foreign investor, ordered the
transaction of 14 million Euros to an account of a UK credit institution, located
in London, which the claimant opened online. The parties agreed that the Bank would
hand over a username and the </span><span lang="PT" style="line-height: 115%;">password to </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">a proxy of the
claimant, who would travel to London specifically for that purpose. Upon return
of the proxy to Thessaloniki, the claimant activated his account, and requested
the transfer of 13,8 million € to an account he owned in a Bulgarian Bank. The
web banking system of the UK credit institution certified the transaction; however,
the above amount was not transferred to the Bulgarian account, but it was still
visible in the UK account. He then unsuccessfully attempted to complete the
same transaction a number of times from March to July 2014. Three months later
the claimant tried again; this time however the web banking system did not
allow the transaction at all. Following the above, the claimant notified the
respondent, that the deposit should be transferred within 5 days to the
Bulgarian account, or a check be issued and sent to him. The respondent replied
in written that the transfer order was completed, however the amount has not
been credited to the Bulgarian account of the claimant. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: #20124d;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">In light of this bizarre situation, the claimant filed
before the Thessaloniki 1<sup>st</sup> Instance court an action for damages
against the UK Bank, considering that the written reply of the respondent constitutes
an acknowledgment of debt. The defendant was duly ant timely served, however it
did not appear in the hearing. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"> <b><u>The ruling:</u></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">
The court declined its international jurisdiction on the basis of the following
grounds: </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Art.
7.1 (a) Brussels I bis Reg. is not to be applied, because the place of
performance of the obligation in question was London, UK, i.e. where the
defendant exercises its professional activities, namely where the deposit is
kept safe. The fact that the claimant is able to conclude transactions from
Greece through web banking channels is irrelevant for establishing international
jurisdiction in favor of Thessaloniki courts. Equally irrelevant is the fact
that the defendant has given access codes to the claimant’s proxy, so that he
can complete transactions from Thessaloniki. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Article 18 Brussels I bis Reg. is not
to be applied, because the conditions of Article 17 are not met. The court made
special reference to Art. 17.1 (c), stating that no proof has been provided by
the claimant, that the defendant “<i>pursues
commercial or professional activities in the Member State of the consumer’s
domicile or, by any means, directs such activities to that Member State or to
several States including that Member State, and the contract falls within the
scope of such activities</i>”.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Comments:</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Solely by applying the new Brussels I Regulation for
the first time in Greece, this judgment gains importance almost axiomatically.
The result of the ruling is the correct one; nevertheless, the findings of the
court on the second ground emanate from the assumption that the claimant is a
consumer, which does not seem to be the case. Before scrutinizing the
conditions set under Articles 17 et seq. Brussels I bis Reg., the court should
have examined whether the claimant was allowed to invoke the provisions
aforementioned. A number of facts stated in the ruling lead to the opposite
conclusion:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">The
claimant is managing investment funds of a third person, hence, he confesses
that he is not the real owner of the deposit.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">The
claimant is not inexperienced in the field; he states in his action that he was
hired by a foreign investor to manage his funds. </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">In light of
the above, it is obvious that the claimant conducts a professional activity,
i.e. the profession of a fund broker.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #351c75;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">In addition to the above, no reference was made to a decision
of the Greek Supreme Court from 2009, which ruled that the protective
provisions of Section 4 of the Brussels I Regulation do not apply in leverage
contracts, following a legal opinion prepared by Professor Nikas [see Supreme
Court 1738/2009, and <i>Nikas</i>, Civil Procedure
Law Review (</span><span lang="DE" style="line-height: 115%;">Epitheorissi Politikis
Dikonomias)</span><span lang="DE" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">2010, pp. 506-528]. </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9080370463319971948.post-77398957708569092812014-11-22T20:09:00.000+02:002016-08-13T13:52:46.753+03:00Recognition of a Latvian divorce in Greece<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In
a very recent decision, the Rethymnon 1st Instance Court recognized a divorce
issued by a Latvian notary public. The Greek court applied the Brussels II bis
Regulation. It is the first time a Greek court recognizes a notary divorce
under the EU Regulation [Rethymnon 1st Instance Court Nr. 209/2014, unreported]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">THE FACTS:</span></u></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> The applicant is a Greek citizen living in the
district of Rethymnon, Crete. He was married to a Latvian citizen in the same
town in 2011. Their marriage was dissolved March 2014 in Riga, Latvia, by
virtue of a notarial deed. The notary’s act was brought by the applicant before
the Greek court, with the request to recognize its effects in Greece.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">THE RULING:</span></u></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> The court applied the Brussels II bis Regulation, making
reference to Art. 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, Recital 21, the initial proposal submitted by
the Commission [COM (1999) 220], and finally, Art. 21, 22 & 24 Brussels II
bis Regulation. The main question was whether a Latvian divorce by notary
public fits into the notion of a ‘decision’, in light of the fact that Greek
notaries are not vested with similar powers. Viewing the matter under the
principle of mutual recognition in spite of possible minor differences, the
court made reference to the initial proposal of the Commission, and its dictate
to allow circulation of foreign divorces issued by non-judicial authorities. As
a consequence, it ruled in favor of recognition. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">COMMENTS:</span></u></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> As already stated above, this is the first decision
allowing the recognition of a foreign divorce issued by a notary public under
the Brussels II bis Regulation. A court in Thessaloniki recognized a Cuban divorce
by notary deed nearly two years ago [of which I reported in: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anthimos</i>, Foreign Judgments and Arbitral
Awards (in Greek), Sakkoulas Publications (2014), p. 182 et seq.]. Meanwhile,
Greek courts routinely recognize foreign divorces issued by administrative authorities,
such as registry offices and municipalities, originating especially from
ex-USSR countries. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The position adopted by Greek
courts shows the liberal approach towards a free circulation of judgments, even
in matters of a sensitive nature, such as those belonging to personal status.
At the same time, caution is needed in regards to the finality of foreign
divorces by notary. Whereas it is usually easy for a domestic judge to
ascertain the foreign judgment’s finality (a certificate issued by the
respective court office or a note by the foreign judge has been considered
sufficient for this requirement, stipulated both under the Brussels II bis Regulation
[Art. 22 c & d] and the Greek Code of Civil Procedure [Art. 323.4]), the ‘finality’
of a notarial act might cause plausible reservations to the judge in charge of
the request. This is the reason why the judge handling the case at hand
insisted on the production of the certificate provided for by the EU Regulation
under Art. 39 & Annex I, and ascertained the finality of the notary deed
under Nr. 7 of the certificate.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">To sum up, the decision of the
Rethymnon Court is most welcome, and should be followed in the future, bearing
in mind that the solution adopted by Latvia is not a unicum within the EU [as
long as I’m aware of, divorce by notary is also allowed in Estonia and Romania,
and it was supposed to be introduced in Spain too, but the draft law on
voluntary proceedings (which granted similar powers to notaries) was recently
withdrawn].</span></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></b></div>
Dr. Apostolos Anthimoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02734596987559610389noreply@blogger.com4